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SULLIVAN'S  CAMPAIGN 

1779. 
JOURNALS,  NOTES 

AND 

BIOGRAPHY. 

1879. 


Is+lJr+^&t 


^ 


COLLECTIONS 


OF 


CAYUGA   COUNTY 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


NUMBER   ONE. 


1879. 


• 


^s 


THE   JOURNAL 

OF 

. 

LIEUT.  JOHN  L.  HARDENBERGH 

• 

OF    THE 

SECOND  NEW  YORK  CONTINENTAL  REGIMENT 

FROM  MAY  i  TO  OCTOBER  3,  1779, 
IN  GENERAL  SULLIVAN'S  CAMPAIGN 

AGAINST   THE 

Western   Indians 

With  an  introduction,  copious  Historical  Notes,  and  Maps  of  the  Battle-field  of  Newtown 
and  Groveland  Ambuscade 

BY  GEN'L  JOHN  S.  CLARK 

And  parts  of  other  Journals  never  before  published. 

ALSO  A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH 

BY  REV.  CHARLES  HAWLEY,  D.  D. 

President  of  the  Society. 


AUBURN,  N.  Y. 
1879. 


TWO  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY  COPIES. 


NUHBER 


KNAPP  &  PECK, 

Book,  Job  and  Commercial  Printers, 

AUBURN,  N.  Y. 


J) 

IN 


CONTENTS 


Pagee. 

BIOGRAPHICAL, 7  to  19 

INTRODUCTION  TO  JOURNALS, 20  "   22 

BATTLE  OF  NEWTOWN,  MAP,        -  .     -        -        -        -              -  44  "  — 

HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL  AND  NOTES,      .  -  23  "   59 

GENERAL  JAMES  CLINTON'S  MARCH, 60  "  — 

BEATTY'S  JOURNAL  AND  NOTES, 61  "  6S 

GROVELAND  AMBUSCADE,  MAP, -  50  "  — 

EXPEDITION  AGAINST  THE  CAYUGAS, 69  "   70 

THOMAS  GRANT'S  JOURNAL  AND  NOTES,        -        -         -         -  70  "   73 

GEORGE  GRANT'S  JOURNAL  AND  NOTES,        -                          -  73  "   75 

COLONEL  DEARBORN'S  MARCH,        -        -        -        -        -        -  76  "   77 

DEARBORN'S  JOURNAL  AND  NOTES,         -        -        -         -        -  77  "   81 

INDIAN  TOWNS  DESTROYED,         -  82  "   87 

LIST  OF  JOURNALS  AND  NARRATIVES. 88  "   94 


BIOGRAPHICAL. 


JOHN  LEONARD  HARDEXBERGH,  the  author  of  the  follow- 
ing Journal,  was  a  native  of  Eosendale,  Ulster  County,  in  the 
Province  of  New  York,  born  in  the  year  1748.  He  was  the 
son  of  Leonard  and  Eachel  Hardenbergh,  and  the  youngest  of 
seven  children.  The  family  name  is  one  of  the  oldest  in 
the  State,  and  is  prominent  both  in  its  colonial  and  revolu- 
tionary annals.  As  early  as  1644,  Arnoldus  van  Harden- 
bergh a  "free  merchant"  emigrated  from  Holland  to  New 
Amsterdam  "  with  a  cargo  of  wares  for  sale  in  the  colony." 
He  was  soon  after  selected  as  one  of  the  original  Nine  Men 
of  New  Netherland,  and  served  in  this  board  from  1647  to 
1650.1  He  was  followed  in,  or  about,  the  year  1652,  by  his 
brother  Johannes  van  Hardenbergh,  also  a  merchant  from 
Amsterdam,  who  at  this  date  was  purchaser  of  "a  house,  lot 
and  garden  "  on  Manhattan  Island..  (Calendar,  Hist.  MSS.  in 


i  The  original  NINE  MEN  were  selected  by  the  Director-General  from  eighteen  dele- 
gates chosen  by  the  people,  and  composed  of  merchants,  burghers  and  farmers.  Six  of 
the  nine  retired  annually  and  their  places  were  filled  by  appointment  from  twelve  of  the 
"  most  notable  citizens."  Their  powers  were  advisory  and  limited,  as  they  were  only 
to  give  advice  on  such  propositions  as  the  Director  or  his  council  might  submit  to  them. 
The  object  of  establishing  such  a  Board,  and  as  rehearsed  in  the  colonial  charter,  -was  : 
"  That  the  colony.and  principally  New  Amsterdam.our  capital,  might  continue  to  increase 
in  good  order,  justice,  police,  population,  prosperity  and  mutual  harmony  ;  and  be  pro 
vided  with  etrong  fortifications,  a  church,  a  school,  trading  places,  harbor,  and  similar 
highly  necessary  public  edifices  and  improvements  ;  that  the  honor  of  God  and  the  wel- 
fare of  our  dear  Fatherland  to  the  best  advantage  of  the  Company  and  the  prosperity  of 
our  good  citizens  be  promoted  ;  and  that  the  pure  reformed  religion  as  it  is  here  in  the 
churches  of  the  Netherlands  may  be  inculcated  and  preserved. "  For  further  account  of 
the  NINE  MEN  and  the  part  taken  by  Arnoldus  van  Uardenbergh  in  the  affairs  of  the  col- 
ony. Bee  Col.  Hi«t,  N.  Y.  I,  25^.  261,  270,  3D\  310,  318,  3^'4. 


8  BIOGRAPHICAL. 

office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  Albany,  Part  I,   vol.  iii). 

The  branch  of  the  family  that  was  subsequently  settled  at 
Eosendale,  is  traced  to  the  year  1706,  when  Johannes  Harden- 
bergh,  with  six  others,  obtained  from  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain  a  grant  of  land  which  comprised,  as  computed  at  the 
time,  1,500,000  acres,  located  in  Northern  Ulster,  then  in- 
cluding a  portion  of  the  present  county  of  Sullivan, — the 
western  boundary  extending  to,  or  near  the  head  of,  the  Del- 
aware river.  The  terminal  syllable  of  the  name,  lergh,  indi- 
cates that  the  earlier  ancestors  in  Holland  were<  from  the 
hills ;  and  it  was  quite  natural  that  their  descendants  should 
have  found  permanent  location  in  the  hilly  districts  of  Shen- 
daken  and  Shawangunk,  stretching  westward  from  the  valley 
of  the  Hudson ;  neither  is  it  surprising  that  they  should  have 
loved  freedom  and  have  given  their  best  efforts  for  its  estab- 
lishment in  their  adopted  land* 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  Col.  Johannes  Harden- 
bergh,  Jr.  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Committee  of  Safety 
for  Ulster  County — Kingston,  its  chief  town,  being  at  the 
time  the  seat  of  the  New  York  Provincial  Congress  of  which 
he  was  also  a  member.  He  had  ranked  as  Colonel  in  the  Eng- 
lish colonial  service,  and  been  active  in  military  affairs  as 
early  as  1748,  when  Sir  William  Johnson  was  in  command 
of  the  New  York  troops  for  the  defence  of  the  frontier 
against  the  French  and  Indians.  He  was  also  given  com- 
mand by  the  Provincial  Congress  of  one  of  the  earliest  regi- 
ments raised  for  the  immediate  defence  of  the  Hudson  above 
the  Highlands,  at  the  opening  of  the  war  of  Independence, 
and  from  his  experience  and  position  was  enabled  to  render 
distinguished  service  at  that  critical  period.  In  1786,  three 
years  after  the  return  of  peace,  he  removed  from  his  farm  in 
Rosendale  to  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  to  spend  the  remnant 
of  his  days  with  his  son,  Kev.  Dr.  Jacob  E.  Hardenbergh,  the 
•five*.  President  of  Rutger's  College. 


BIOGRAPHICAL.  9 

Leonard  Hardenbergh,  a  younger  brother  of  Col.  Johannes, 
Jr.,  and  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  died  July  7, 
1776,  only  three  days  after  the  adoption  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  and  as  his  neighbors  of  the  hard}'  yeo- 
manry  of  Ulster,  were  leaving  their  harvests  un gathered  and 
marching  to  the  defence  of  Fort  Montgomery,  one  of  the 
principal  fortifications  guarding  the  passes  of  the  Hudson. 
In  the  official  returns  for  the  same  month  (July)  the  name  of 
John  L.  Hardenbergh  appears  as  First  Lieutenant  in  the 
Second  New  York  Militia  under  command  of  Col.  Morris 
Graham,  and  assigned  to  the  Brigade  of  Gen.  George  Clinton, 
who  had  remained  in  the  Continental  Congress  to  vote  for 
the  Declaration,  when  he  hastened  home  to  his  command. 
Having  served  several  months  in  this  regiment  raised  under 
special  call,  Hardenbergh  was  commissioned  Nov.  21,  1776, 
First  Lieutenant  in  the  Second  New  York  Continental  Reg- 
iment, under  Col.  Rudolphus  Ritzema,2  who  was  superseded 
Nov.  30, 1776,  by  the  appointment  of  Col.  Philip  Van  Court- 
Ian  dt,  a  gallant  officer  and  a  personal  friend  of  Washington 
whose  confidence  he  shared  to  an  unusual  degree.3  The 
regiment  had  the  previous  month  been  in  the  battle  of 
White  Plains,  under  Lieutenant-Col.  Weissenfels,  where  it 
did  some  hard  fighting ;  and  was  ordered  by  Washington  to 
Fishkill  for  the  winter,  to  be  recruited  and  disciplined,  and 
thus  ready  for  active  service  in  the  Spring.  But  few  enlist - 


2  Col.  Ritzema  was  a  Hollander  by  birth,  and  educated  as  a  soldier  in  the  Prussian 
army.    Being  refused  the  advancement  to  which  he  deemed  himself  entitled,  he  left  the 
American  service,  but  not  before  he  was  suspected  of  disaffection,  if  not  of  treachery. 
During  the  battle  of  White  Plains,  where  his  regiment  was  engaged,  he  was  some  four  or 
five  miles  away,  and  was  shortly  after  displaced  from  his  command.    He  subsequently 
joined  the  British  army. 

3  Col.  Van  Courtlandt  gives  the  following  account  of  the  manner  of  his  appointment : 
"This  commission  was  sent  by  General  Washington,  by  express,  and  was  of  his  own 
"  direction,  having  been  furnished  with  blanks  from  Congress  signed  by  John  Hancock, 
"  President,  for  him  to  fill  up  as  he  thought  proper,  appointing  me  Colonel  of  the  Sec- 
"  ond  New  York  Regiment,  dated  November  30,  1776."    Autobiography,  &c..    The  Mag- 
azine of  American  History  for  May,  1878. 


10  BIOGRAPHICAL. 

ments,  however,  were  obtained,  though  several  recruiting 
parties  were  sent  out  for  the  purpose ;  and  in  the  Spring  of 
1777,  it  was  ordered  to  Peekskill,  a  point  for  the  collection 
of  military  stores,  and  where  at  this  time  large  quantities  had 
been  gathered  under  protection  of  General  McDougall's  brig- 
ade. Soon  after,  a  fleet  of  ten  British  ships  or  transports 
appeared  in  Peekskill  Bay,  and  landed  a  force  of  five  hun- 
dred men  with  four  pieces  of  artillery,  which  compelled  Gen. 
McDougall,  who  had  scarcely  half  that  number  of  troops,  to 
retreat  to  Gallows  Hill,  about  ten  miles  in  the  rear,  leaving 
what  stores  could  not  be  removed,  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
who  remained  in  possession  of  the  town  until  McDougall 
was  reinforced,  when  they  retired  to  their  ships  and  returned 
to  New  York. 

After  several  weeks  of  hard  and  perilous  service,  Col.  Van 
Courtlandt  with  his  regiment,  was  ordered  to  Albany  and 
thence  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Stanwix,  then  besieged  by  Colonel 
St.  Leger  with  a  party  of  Indians ;  but  on  information  that 
the  enemy  had  retired,  he  joined  General  Poor,  then  on  the 
advance  to  Stillwater,  to  whose  brigade  the  regiment  became 
attached,  and  thus  made  a  part  of  General  Arnold's  command, 
forming  a  portion  of  the  left  wing  in  the  first  battle  of  Still- 
water,  which  was  fought  on  the  19th  of  September.  The  loss 
of  killed  and  wounded  of  the  Second  New  York  was  two  out 
of  eleven,  which  was  a  larger  proportion  than  of  any  other 
regiment  engaged,  the  next  largest  being  that  of  Col.  Cilley's 
First  New  Hampshire,  which  was  one  out  of  seven,  all  of 
General  Poor's  Brigade.4  At  the  second  battle,  which  oc- 
curred on  the  7th  of  October,  the  regiment  sustained  its  rep- 
utation for  determined  bravery  and  hard  fighting,  and  thus 
bore  an  honorable  part  in  the  most  important  engagement, 
thus  far,  of  the  war,  the  results  of  which  changed  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  American  cause. 

4  Autobiograpliy  of  General  Van  Courtlaudt. 


BIOGRAPHICAL.  11 

After  the  battle  of  Still  water,  which  compelled  the  surren- 
der of  Burgoyne,  and  rendered  fruitless  the  previous  successes 
of  the  enemy  along  the  Hudson,  the  regiment  returned  to 
Fishkill,  and  soon  joined  the  army  under  Washington,  then 
confronted  by  the  British  forces  under  General  Howe,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Philadelphia.  It  shared  the  privations  and  suf- 
ferings of  the  terrible  winter  encampment  at  Valley  Forge, 
(1777-8)  the  march  to  which  of  the  half  naked,  half -starved, 
shoeless  army  might  be  tracked  in  blood  through  the  Decem- 
ber snows.  It  appears  from  an  orderly  book5  found  among 
the  papers  of  Colonel,  afterwards  Gen.  Henry  Dearborn,  also 
in  the  Sullivan  expedition,  that  at  Valley  Forge,  Harden- 
bergh  was  Lieutenant  and  Adjutant  of  his  regiment  and 
often  served  as  Adjutant  of  the  Day  at  Head  Quarters.  The 
whole  encampment  consisted  of  about  eleven  thousand 
troops ;  and  when  it  was  broken  up  the  following  Spring,  up- 
wards of  three  thousand  men  unfit  for  duty  were  left  behind, 
under  charge  of  Colonel  Van  Courtlandt,  while  his  regiment 
proceeded  with  the  main  army,  and  participated  in  the  battle 
of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778,  winning  commendation  for 
bravery  and  good  behavior  in  that  hotly  contested  engage- 
ment. 

While  at  camp  with  the  main  army  at  White  Plains  the 
same  season,  the 'Second  New  York  Regiment  was  sent  to 
guard  the  frontiers  in  Ulster  County  against  the  depredations 
of  the  Indians  under  Brant,  who  had  already  destroyed  several 
houses  and  murdered  men, women  and  children.  It  remained 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Laghawack,  on  this  duty,  during  the 
winter  of  1778-79 ;  and  in  the  Spring  while  on  the  march  to 
surprise  Brant  stationed  on  the  Delaware  with'  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  Indians,  an  express  from  General  Wash- 
ington overtook  the  regiment  with  orders  to  proceed  to  Fort 
Penn,  there  to  await  orders  from  General  Sullivan.  It  is  at 

s  Ms?,  in  possession  of  Mr.  John  H.  Osborne,  of  Aiiburn,  N.  Y. 


12  BIOGRAPHICAL. 

this  point  that  the.  Journal  of  Lieutenant  Hardenbergh,  here- 
with published,  dates. 

On  its  return  from  the  Expedition,  the  regiment  proceeded 
to  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  and  from  thence  to  Morristown,  N. 
J.,  where  it  was  hutted  for  the  winter.  In  the  spring  of 
1780  it  was  sent  to  Fort  Edward  for  temporary  service,  and 
in  June  proceeded  to  West  Point,  and  in  expectation  of  an 
attack  from  the  enemy,  was  posted  on  the  mountain  west  of 
Fort  Putnam.  This  proved,  however,  to  be  a  feint  to  cover 
an  invasion  of  the  Jerseys.  During  the  treason  of  Arnold 
the  regiment  was  at  Tappan,  whither  Andre  was  taken  af- 
ter his  capture,  and  where  he  was  tried  and  executed. 

From  the  autumn  of  1776  to  the  winter  of  1780,  Lieuten- 
ant Hardenbergh  was  identified  with  the  Second  New  York, 
sharing  its  fortunes,  and  participating  in  the  important  bat- 
tles in  which  it  was  engaged,  when  the  five  New  York  regi- 
ments were  consolidated  into  two,  in  which  arrangement  he 
fell  into  that  class  of  officers  who  were  retained  in  service 
but  not  attached  to  any  battalion.  But  in  July  1782  he  was 
.made  Captain  of  Levies  under  Lieut.  Col.  Weissenfels,  in 
which  capacity  he  continued  for  the  remainder  of  the  war. 

In  the  summer,  of  1781,  he  is  accredited  in  the  chronicles 
of  the  time,  with  a  daring  exploit,  which  indicates  the  kind 
of  service  in  which  he  was  engaged  after  he  ceased  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  Second  New  York.  A  body  of  three  hundred 
Indians  and  ninety  Tories  under  Captain  Cauldwell,  an  of- 
ficer in  Butler's  Bangers,  appeared  on  the  frontier  of  Ulster 
County,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Warwasing,  having  passed 
unobserved  the  stockade  forts  at  the  north  of  Lackawaxen 
and  Neversink,  expecting  to  surprise  the  settlements  and  re- 
peat the  scenes  of  massacre  which  had  desolated  other  regions 
in  the  vicinity.  Captain  Hardenbergh,  at  the  time,  was  sta- 
tioned with  a  guard  of  nine6  men,  near  the  house  of  J.  GK  Har- 

6  Some  accounts  make  the  number  even  less. 


BIOGRAPHICAL.  13 

denbergh,7  and  at  a  point  some  three  miles  distant  from  a 
small  fortress  at  Warwasing.  As  the  enemy  passed  the  fort 
just  before  the  break  of  day  they  were  fired  upon  by  the  sen- 
tinel. The  report  alarmed  Captain  Hardenbergh,  who  with 
his  little  band  proceeded  immediately  in  direction  of  the 
sound,  and  on  his  way  met  the  enemy  directing  their 
course  toward  the  settlement,  which  is  now  called  Kochester. 
Nothing  daunted  he  gave  them  battle;  but  being  closely 
pressed  he  soon  discovered  that  his  retreat  was  cut  off  by  a 
party  of  Indians  who  had  gained  his  rear.  In  this  dilemma 
the  Captain  resorted  to  stratagem  which  admirably  answered 
the  purpose.  It  was  as  yet  barely  light,  and  turning  aside 
in  the  woods  with  the  little  company,  to  conceal  the  small- 
ness  of  his  force,  he  took  off  his  hat  and  huzzaed  with  all  his 
might,  at  the  same  time  advancing  toward  a  small  stone  house 
near  by,  and  in  face  of  the  Indians,  who  supposing  that  the 
troops  were  coming  up  from  Pinebush,  took  the  alarm  and 
skulked  off  in  every  direction.  But  no  sooner  had  Harden- 
bergh and  his  company  reached  the  house,  when  the  Indians 
discovering  the  ruse,  poured  a  shower  of  bullets  after  them 
just  as  they  were  safely  within  the  door.  Here  they  found 
six  militia  men  besides,  making  sixteen  in  all,  and  being  well 
armed,  made  all  preparations  to  hold  their  position  against 
the  invaders.  With  an  ax  they  broke  a  series  of  loop-holes 
in  the  rear  of  the  house  and  through  the  sides  of  the  steep 
roof,  thus  commanding  its  approaches  on  all  sides.  The  en- 
emy advanced  several  times  to  carry  the  house  by  assault, 


7  This  house  was  pillaged  about  the  same  time,  and  large  quantities  of  clothing  and 
vegetables  taken  by  the  Indians.  One  Indian,  a  chief,  emerged  from  the  scene  of  plunder, 
mounted  on  a  horse  taken  from  the  stable,  profusely  arrayed  in  stolen  apparel,  with 
silver  bands  about  his  arms  and  a  bunch  of  some  forty  silver  broaches  hanging  about 
his  person.  He  was  discovered  by  some  soldiers  who  were  on  the  alert  to  get  a  shot  at 
the  invaders  as  they  were  leaving  the  place,  when  one  levelled  his  rifle  at  him  and  fired. 
He  was  seen  to  lay  over  on  his  horse,  but  turning  into  the  woods,  disappeared.  Some 
time  after,  his  body  was  found  near  the  place  where  he  was  shot  with  his  plunder  still 
about  him.  Narrative  of  Massacres  and  Depredations  in  Wawarsing,  &c.,  &c.,  Ron- 
dout,  1846. 


14  BIOGRAPHICAL. 

but  as  some  of  their  number  were  doomed  to  fall  at  every 
onset,  they  as  often  gave  way,  and  at  length  were  compelled 
to  relinquish  the  attack,  leaving  thirteen  dead  upon  the  field. 
In  the  meanwhile-  the  firing  had  aroused  the  neighborhood, 
and  Col.  Henry  Pawling  with  a  detachment  of  State  Levies, 
stationed  about  six  miles  from  the  scene  of  action,  hastened 
forward,  but  arrived  too  late  to  have  a  brush  with  the  enemy, 
and  only  in  season  to  capture  a  straggler,  who  had  lingered 
for  fruit,  near  an  apple  orchard.  Cauldwell  was  in  full  re- 
treat, and  though  pursued  by  Colonel  Pawling  with  his  reg- 
iment of  Levies  and  Colonel  Cantine  with  a  regiment  of  State 
Militia,  for  some  days,  finally  escaped.  The  enemy,  however, 
suffered  severely  and  besides  losing  a  number  of  men,  were 
so  near  starvation  that  they  were  obliged  to  eat  their  dogs 
before -they  reached  Niagara,  the  point  from  which  they  had 
started  on  their  errand  of  pillage  and  murder.  This  was  the 
last  attempt  of  the  kind  made  upon  the  frontier  settlements, 
which  had  suffered  so  severely  from  repeated  invasions  of 
Indians  and  Tories  during  the  Revolution.  It  was  de- 
signed to  be  a  finishing  blow  upon  that  region,  and  as  we 
have  seen,  it  was  largely  due  to  the  bravery  and  military  tact 
of  Captain  Hardenbergh  that  the  stroke  was  averted.8 

At  the  close  of  the  war,  during  the  entire  period  of  which 
he  had  been  in  active  service,  he  returned  to  his  native  place, 
to  share  the  fruits'  of  Independence  with  peace,  which  he 
had  done  so  much  to  secure.  He  had  justly  acquired  the 
reputation  of  a  brave  and  skillful  officer,  and  his  name  still 
appears  on  the  Roll  of  Honor  in  the  cabinet  of  Revolution- 
ary memorials  kept  at  Washington's  Head- Quarters  at  New- 
burgh.  He  was  for  a  time  on  Washington's  staff ;  and  his 
whole  record  is  that  of  a  devoted  patriot  and  a  faithful  sol- 


s  Stone's  Life  of  Brant.    Narrative  of  Massacres  and  Depredations  in  Wawarsing,  &c., 
&c.,  Rondout,  1846. 


BIOGRAPHICAL.  15 

dier,  at  a  time  when  the  country  needed  every  heart  and  hand 
for  its  defence. 

In  1789,  the  Indian  titles  to  most  of  the  lands  in  the  State 
of  New  York, 'having  been  extinguished,  the  Legislature 
provided  for  the  survey  of  a  certain  portion  of  these  lands, 
already  set  apart  for  the  soldiers  of  the  State,  who  had  served 
in  the  war  of  the  Eevolution.  This  tract  embracing  1,680,- 
000  acres,  and  denominated  the  Military  Tract,  included  the 
present  counties  of  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Seneca  and  Cortland, 
also  the  larger  part  of  Tompkins  with  portions  of  Oswego 
and  Wayne.  It  was  surveyed  into  twenty-eight  townships, 
containing  each  one  hundred  lots  of  six  hundred  acres. 
Each  private  soldier  and  non-commissioned  officer  had  one 
lot  assigned  him.  The  officers-  received  larger  shares  in  pro- 
portion to  their  rank.  Colonel  Hardenbergh  was  appointed 
on  this  survey,  in  immediate  association  with  Moses  Dewitt, 
brother  of  Simeon  Dewitt,  at  the  time  Surveyor-General  of  the 
State,  and  was  occupied  in  this  work  during  the  years  1789- 
90.  His  field  books,  neatly  kept  and  carefully  preserved,  are 
now  in  possession  of  the  Cayuga  County  Historical  Society, 
one  of  several  valuable  donations  from  the  family  to  the  So- 
ciety's archives.  The  lands  which  fell  to  him  on  the  assign- 
ment of  military  bounties,  were  located  in  Onondaga,  dis- 
posing of  which,  he  purchased  lot  Forty-Seven,  within  the 
present  limits  of  Auburn,  from  Ogden  and  Josiah  Hoffman, 
and  originally  patented  to  Captain  Thomas  Doughty  also  of 
the  Second  New  York.  The  deed  bears  date  Feb.  16,  1792, 
and  the  consideration  was  one  hundred  and  eighty  pounds 
N.  Y.  currency.  Colonel  Hardenbergh  was  familiar  as  a 
surveyor  with  its  comparative  advantages,  for  a  settlement, 
and  especially  with  its  superior  water  power,  and  had  al- 
ready indicated  the  lot  on  his  map  of  survey  as  a  "good 
mill  site."  He  came  on  to  his  lands  the  same  year  (1792) 
bringing  with  him  several  negro  slaves,  and  built  a  bark  shel- 


16  BIOGRAPHICAL. 

ter  near  the  site  of  the  present  Hardenbergh  mansion,  and  on 
the  spot  where  the  City  Hall  now  stands.  He  made  a  visit 
in  the  fall  or  winter  of  that  year,  to  Kosendale  and  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Mary  Bevier,  also  of  one  of  the  most  sub- 
stantial and  prominent  families  of  that  part  of  the  State,  and 
soon  after  returned  to  make  further  preparations  for  a  per- 
manent home.  This  year  also  he  received  a  commission  as 
Major  in  the  Battalion  of  Herkimer  County,  having  previ- 
ously been  appointed  a  Captain  in  a  Battalion  for  Montgom- 
ery, which  until  1791  included  the  counties  of  Herkimer  and 
Tioga.  He  was  also  appointed,  in  1793,  by  Governor  George 
Clinton,  his  old  Brigade  commander  on  the  Hudson  in  the 
beginning  of  the  war,  an  Associate  Justice  for  Herkimer 
County,  and  designated  the  same  year  as  one  of  the  three 
Commissioners  to  lay  out  and  construct  the  Genesee  Turn- 
pike. His  last  military  promotion  was  that  of  Lieutenant 
Colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Militia  in  Onondaga  County,  in 
April,  1796,  by  Governor  John  Jay,  and  gave  him  the  title 
of  Colonel,  by  which  he  is  most  commonly  known  in  the 
early  annals  of  Auburn. 

In  1794  he  had  completed  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  on  the 
Owasco  Outlet,  near  where  the  Stone  Mill  now  stands,  oppo- 
site the  junction  of  Genesee  and  Market  Streets,  thus  form- 
ing the  nucleus  of  a  settlement  known  as  Hardenbergh's 
Corners  until  1805,  when  it  took  the  name  of  Auburn. 

The  death  of  his  wife  occurred  in  the  Spring,  a  little  more 
than  a  year  after  their  marriage,  leaving  an  infant  daughter, 
and  before  his  arrangements  were  complete  for  bringing  them 
to  their  new  home  in  the  wilderness. 

In  1795  a  colony  of  ten  families  from  Gettysburgh,  Pa, 
made  a  settlement  about  three  miles  up  the  Owasco  Lake, 
and  at  once  organized  a  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church, 
which  subsequently  took  corporate  form  and  title,  Sept.  23, 
1796,  at  a  meeting  held  at  the  house  of  Colonel  Harden- 


BIOGRAPHICAL.  17 

bergh,  who  identified  himself  with  this  society  in  the  faith 
and  order  of  which  he  had  been  educated.  His  copy  of  the 
New  Testament  with  the  Psalms  in  a  single  volume,  and  in 
the  Dutch  language,  is  still  preserved ;  and  bearing  on  the 
fly-leaf,  under  his  own  signature,  the  same  date  with  that  of 
his  first  army  commission,  it  shows  the  signs  of  ordinary  use 
not  only,  but  the  unmistakable  marks  of  the  exposure  and 
hardships  incident  to  a  soldier's  life. 

His  second  marriage,  in  1796,  was  with  Martina,  daughter 
of  Roelifi:  BrinkerhofT,  one  of  the  first  deacons  of  the  Owasco 
church,  and  the  names  of  his  two  children  by  this  marriage, 
Maria  and  John  Herring,  appear  on  the  baptismal  register 
of  that  church  for  the  years  1798  and  1800.  The  only  son, 
John  H.  Hardenbergh,  was  in  subsequent  years  one  of  Au- 
burn's most  prominent  and  public  spirited  citizens.  As  the 
heir  to  the  landed  estate  of  his  father,  originally  covering  a 
large  section  of  the  territory  now  occupied  by  the  city,  his 
wise  and  generous  policy  toward  purchasers  of  lots  and  ten- 
ants, contributed  much  to  its  growth  and  prosperity.  The 
lot,  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  on  which  stands  the  First  Pres- 
byterian church,  one  of  the  most  substantial  and  elegant 
structures  of  the  kind  in  the  State,  if  not  in  the  country,  was 
his  gift,  before  he  had  become  of  age ;  as  were  also  eight 
acres  of  land  comprised  in  the  spacious  grounds  occupied  by 
the  Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  These  and  similar  deeds 
of  generous  foresight,  together  with  an  amiable  character  and 
a  blameless  Christian  life,  preserve  in  esteem  and  honor  the 
name  so  closely  identified  with  the  origin  of  our  favored  city. 

Colonel  Hardenbergh  died  after  a  brief  illness,  on  the  25th 
of  April,  1806,  in  the  59th  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried 
with  military  honors  in  the  North  Street  Cemetery.  The 
Key.  David  Higgins,  then  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Church  of  Aurelius,  and  the  founder  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  of  Auburn,  preached  the  funeral  sermon  from 


18  BIOGBAPHICAL. 

the  Epistle  to  the  Philippians,  iii;  20,  21:  For  our  conversa- 
tion is  in  heaven  ;  from  whence  also  we  look  for  the  Saviour,  the 
Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  shall  change  our  vile  body  that  it  may 
be  fashioned  like  unto  his  glorious  body  according  to  the.  working 
ivhereby  he  is  able  even  to  subdue  all  things  unto  himself.  The 
horse  bearing  the  sword  and  uniform  of  the  deceased  officer, 
was  led  by  Harry  Freeman,  one  of  the  Colonel's  slaves  to 
whom  he  had  given  his  freedom.  A  long  procession  of  mil- 
itary and  citizens  followed  the  remains  to  the  grave.  The 
whole  scene  was  imposing,  as  a  sincere  tribute  of  the  respect 
and  esteem  cherished  for  the  man  who  had  braved  the  perils 
of  the  then  recent  struggle  for  national .  independence,  and 
with  generous  hand  had  laid  the  foundations,  in  the  wilder- 
ness, of  a  well-ordered  community.  He  had  passed  thirty 
years  of  his  life  as  a  soldier,  a  surveyor,  and  a  pioneer  settler, 
and  had  occupied  the  most  responsible  trusts  in  the  rising 
settlement  which  owed  to  him  its  origin.  He  was  moreover 
a  great  favorite  with  his  fellow  pioneers,  and  with  all  who 
were  seeking  new  homes  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  ambi- 
tious rather  for  the  thrift  of  the  place  than  for  personal  gains, 
or  the  promotion  of  selfish .  ends — forward  and  generous  in 
all  plans  to  establish  religion,  education,  justice  and  good  or- 
der, with  whatever  tended  to  the  permanent  prosperity  and 
true  character  of  the  infant  settlement.  -He  was  not  always 
careful  of  his  own  interests,  and  was  sometimes  imposed  up- 
on by  those  in  whom  he  confided  as  if  they  were  as  trust- 
worthy as  himself.  If  a  neighbor  wanted  a  bushel  or  two 
of  grain,  he  might  be  trusted  to  measure  it  himself  and  ren- 
der his -own  account.  In  this  way  and  in  others  character- 
istic of  him,  he  doubtless  now  and  then  lost  pecuniarily,  but 
they  gave  him  a  strong  hold  upon  the  better  and  larger  class 
of  his  co-pioneers,  and  a  leading  influence  at  this  forming 
period  in  our  history.  Indeed,  Auburn  owes  very  much  to 
the  spirit,  foresight  and  enterprise  of  its  founder. 


BIOGRAPHICAL.  19 

Iii  person,  Colonel  Hardenbergh  was  tall,  of  swarthy  com- 
plexion, robust  frame,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  most  com- 
manding figure  on  horseback,  in  his  regimentals,  on  military 
occasions.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  politics  of  the  day, 
and  was  decided  and  open  in  the  expression  of  his  opin- 
ions. He  was  a  warm  friend  and  ardent  supporter  of  Gov- 
ernor George  Clinton,  under  whom  he  had  served  in  the 
first  year  of  the  war,  and  whose  confidence  he  largely  shared 
in  the  distribution  of  military  promotions  and  civil  appoint- 
ments. A  sturdy  patriot^  a  brave  soldier^  a  civilian,  honored 
and  trusted  in  public  station  and  in  private  life,  he  has  fairly 
won  the  gratitude  with  which  communities  are  wont  to  re- 
member their  founders. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  JOURNALS. 


The  following  is  printed  from  the  original  manuscript,  in 
possessson  of  the  family,  in  the  hand-writing  of  Lieutenant 
Hardenbergh,  undoubtedly  an  original  journal  made  by 
him  during  the  campaign  of  General  Sullivan  against  the 
Indians. 

The  route  covered  by  the  Journal,  begins  at  "Wawarsing, 
in  Ulster  County,  New  York,  passing  south-westerly  along 
the  Mine  road  and  Delaware  river  to  Stroudsburg,  Penn. ; 
thence  westerly  over  the  mountains,  by  the  Sullivan  road  to 
Wilkesbarre;  thence  up  the  Susquehanna  river  to  Tioga 
Point  near  present  Athens,  where  General  Clinton's  brigade 
on  August  22d,  joined  the  main  army ;  thence  up  the  Che- 
mung  river  to  present  Elmira,  and  northerly  to  Havana; 
thence  along  the  east  shore  of  Seneca  lake  to  present  Geneva, 
and  by  way  of  Canandaigua,  Honeoye,  and  Conesus  to  the 
Genesee  river  near  present  Cuylerville,  in  Livingston  county, 
where  was  found  the  great  Seneca  town  of  Chenandoanes, 
or  Genesee  Castle,  the  most  westerly  point  reached  by  the 
expedition. 

The  return  was  over  nearly  the  same  route  to  Easton,  and 
thence  up  the  Delaware  to  Morristown,  N.  J.,  where  the  reg- 
iment went  into  winter  quarters. 

In  addition  to  Lieutenant  Hardenbergh's  journal,  will  be 
found  that  part  of  the  journal  of  Major  Erkuries  Beatty, 
which  relates  to  the  march  of  General  Clinton's  brigade  from 


INTRODUCTION  TO   JOURNALS.  21 

the  valley  of  the  Mohawk,  down  the  Susquehanna  river  to 
join  General  Sullivan  at  Tioga  Point. 

On  the  return  march,  Sept.  20th,  when  the  army  reached 
Kaimdasega,  an  Indian  town  near  present  Geneva,  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  William  Butler  commanding  the  Fourth  Penn- 
sylvania regiment,  was  detached  with  six  hundred  men,  with 
orders  to  proceed  around  the  north  end  of  Cayuga  lake,  and 
devastate  the  Indian  settlements  on  the  east  side.  Thomas 
Grant  accompanied  this  detachment;  that  portion  of  his 
journal  which  relates  to  the  operations  of  this  force,  is  also 
presented. 

On  the  next  day,  September  21st,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Henry  Dearborn  commanding  the  third  New  Hampshire 
regiment,  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  men,  was  detached  to 
proceed  along  the  west  shore  of  Cayuga  lake  to  complete  the 
destruction  in  that  quarter.  That  part  of  Colonel  Dearborn's 
journal  describing  his  operations  on  this  march,  also  appears. 
The  journals  of  Lieutenant  Hardenbergh,  Major  Beatty  and 
Colonel  Dearborn,  have  not  hitherto  appeared  in  print 

Notes  have  been  added  mostly  from  cotemporary  writers 
illustrating  the  text,  and  giving  descriptions  of  events  and 
places  mentioned,  also  introducing,  at  the  proper  place,  de- 
scriptions of  important  matters  referred  to  and  described  in 
other  journals,  but  not  appearing  in  any  of  the  preceding. 

Especial  attention  has  been  given  to  the  descriptions  of 
Indian  towns,  and  it  is  confidently  believed,  that  here  for  the 
first  time,  can  be  found,  at  least,  an  approximation  to  a  com- 
plete list,  and  the  exact  location  of  the  entire  number  de- 
stroyed. The  descriptions  in  nearly  all  cases  are  from  per- 
sonal knowledge  obtained  by  actual  survey ;  the  evidences  of 
aboriginal  occupation  being  plainly  apparent. 

The  maps  and  descriptions  of  the  battle  field  of  Newtown, 
and  of  the  Groveland  ambuscade,  it  is  believed  will  be  an 
important  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  campaign,  and  a 


22  INTRODUCTION  TO   JOUENALS. 

valuable  aid  to  those  engaged  in  its  study;  and  will  present 
a  more  correct  description  of  these  important  matters  than 
has  hitherto  appeared  in  print.  The  conclusions  reached,  are 
the  result  of  a  most  patient  examination  of  all  authorities  ac- 
cessible, and  will  be  likely  to  stand  the  test  of  the  most  in- 
telligent and  critical  scrutiny.  The  list  of  journals  and  nar- 
ratives relating  to  this  campaign,  though  not  as  perfect  as 
might  be  desired,  will  be  found  useful  to  those  who  wish  to 
obtain  authentic  sources  of  information,  and  undoubtedly, 
many  will  be  surprised  to  learn  that  so  much  original  material 
is  in  existence  and  accessible. 

The  text  of  the  several  journals,  has  been  followed  liter- 
ally, from  the  original  manuscript  when  possible.  Proper 
names,  especially  those  of  Indian  towns,  even  in  the  same 
manuscript,  are  often  found  with  material  variations  in  spell- 
ing, and  in  many  instances,  different  authors  give  entirely 
different  names  for  the  same  place;  in  other  cases  wrong 
names  are  applied,  and  frequently  are  transposed.  The  great 
Seneca  town,  on  the  Genesee  river,  is  honored  with  several 
distinct  names,  one  of  which  has  seventy  variations  in  spell- 
ing ;  and  Appletown  has  three  distinct  locations,  several 
miles  distant  from  each  other.  Care  has  been  taken,  to  avoid 
confusion  as  much  as  possible,  by  explanations  in  the  notes, 
and  in  the  use  of  names  most  in  accord  with  those  in 
modern  use. 


JOURNAL  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN  OF  THE  YEAE 
1779,  COMMENCING  MAY  IST. 


Saturday,  May  ye  first. — Drew  out  of  our  "Winter  Quar- 
ters at  Wawasink9  and  encamped  in  a  field  near  Jacobus 
Brown's  at  that  place. 

Sunday,  May  2nd. — Laid  still  in  camp. 
•  Monday  3d. — Drew  provisions  and  prepared  for  a  march. 

Tuesday,  4th. — Struck  our  tents.  Loaded  our  baggage 
in  order  to  proceed  on  our  march  for  Weyoming,  but  being 
alarmed  by  an  express  that  the  savages  were  murdering  the 
inhabitants  at  Fan  tine  Kille,10  about  five  miles  in  our  front, 


y  WAWARSING— An  Indian  word,  said  to  signify  "a  black  bird's  nest,"  the  name  of  a 
town  and  village  in  south-west  part  of  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.,  containing  a  post  village 
of  same  name,  located  on  Rondout  Creek  on  the  line  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Canal.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  mostly  mountainous  uplands,  intersected  by  deep  val- 
leys. The  Shawangunk  Mountains  extend  along  the  east  border,  and  *purs  of  the  Cats- 
kills  occupy  the  central  and  west  parts,  the  highest  peaks  being  from  2,000  to  3,000  feet 
above  tide.  The  eastern  and  north-western  parts  are  rocky  and  precipitous,  and  unfit 
for  cultivation.  There  was  a  stone  fort  in  the  village  on  the  site  of  B.  C.  Hornbeck's 
house.  On  Aug.  12,  1781,  a  large  party  of  tories  and  Indians  under  one  Caldwell,  ap- 
peared in  the  town  with  a  design  of  falling  upon  Napanock,  but  being  informed  that 
the  place  was  defended  by  cannon  they  came  to  Wawarsing  before  the  inhabitants  were 
up  in  the  morning.  Two  men  and  a  young  woman  discovered  the  enemy  before  they 
reached  the  fort,  and  the. young  woman  succeeded  in  closing  the  door  Justin  time  to 
prevent  it  from  being  burst  open  by  the  savages.  Finding  further  attack  to  be  danger- 
ous they  dispersed  and  burned  and  plundered  the  out  settlements,  and  next  day  with- 
drew laden  with  spoils.  Several  lives  were  lost  on  both  sides  and  much  property  de- 
stroyed.—[The  Indians— or  Narratives  of  Massacres  and  Depredations  on  the  frontiers 
of  Wawarsink  and  Vicinity,  p.  21. 

10  FANTINE  KILL,  a  settlement,  on  a  stream  of  that  name,  about  a  mile  from  the  pres- 
ent village  of  Ellenville,  in  the  town  of  Wawarsing,  Ulster  County.  The  attack  was 
made  at  day-break  by  a  party  of  thirty  or  forty  Indians  under  Brant,  who  came  by  the 
way  of  the  Indian  trail  to  Grahamsville,  and  from  thence  through  the  woods  to  the  set 


24  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Coll.  Cortlandt  marched  to  their  assistance,  but  before  we  ar- 
rived at  the  place  they  were  gone.  At  4  in  the  afternoon 
returned  to  Wawasink  and  remained  in  houses.11 

Wednesday,  5th. — Kemained  in  the  Quarters  of  yesterday. 

Thursday,  6th.12 — At  7  in  the  morning  loaded  baggage, 
marched  to  Lurenkill13  and  halted  at  Broadhead's14  for  re- 
freshment about  two  hours,  and  marched  for  Mamacot- 
ting,15  where  we  arrived  at  7  o'clock  at  night. 


tlement.  Widow  Isaac  Bevier  and  two  sons  were  killed,  also  the  entire  family  of 
Michael  Socks,  consisting  of  the  father,  mother,  two  sons  who  were  young  men,  two 
children,  and  one  or  two  others.  They  attacked  the  house  of  Jesse  Bevier,  but  the  in- 
mates being  good  marksmen  and  having  plenty  of  ammunition  succeeded  in  defending 
themselves  until  Col.  Van  Cortlandt  came  to  their  relief. 

"  As  I  was  about  marching  from  my  encampment,  having  called  in  my  guard,  I  dis- 
covered smokes  rising  from  the  village  about  six  miles  south,  and  a  lad  sent  from  its 
vicinity  informed  me  that  the  Indians  were  there  burning  and  destroying.  It  was  oc- 
casioned by  two  of  my  men  deserting  in  the  mountains,  when  I  received  the  order  to 
return  ;  for  they  went  to  Brant  and  informed  him  that  I  was  ordered  away,  and  he  ex- 
pected that  I  was  gone.  *  *  *  On  my  approach  Brant  ran  off.  He  had  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  Indians,  and  as  I  approached  him,  he  being  on  a  hill,  and  seeing  me 
leaning  against  a  pine  tree  waiting  for  the  closing  up  of  my  men,  ordered  a  rifle  In 
dian  to  kill  me,  but  he  overshot  me,  the  ball  passing  three  inches  over  my  head." — 
[Col.  Van  Cortlandt1  s  manuscript  statement,  1825. 

"  General,  while  you  were  standing  by  a  large  tree  during  that  battle,  how  near  to  your 
head  did  a  bullet  come,  which  struck  a  little  above  you  ?  " 

The  General  paused  for  a  moment,  and  replied— "About  two  inches  above  my  hat." 

Brant  then  related  the  circumstances.  "  I  had  remarked  your  activity  in  the  battle," 
said  he,  "  and  calling  one  of  my  best  marksmen,  pointed  you  out  and  directed  him  to 
bring  you  down.  He  fired  and  I  saw  you  dodge  your  head  at  the  instant  I  supposed  the 
ball  would  strike.  But  as  you  did  not  fall,  I  told  my  warrior  that  he  had  just  missed 
you,  and  lodged  the  ball  in  the  tree."  Conversation  between  Brant  and  General  Van 
Cortlandt— [Stone's  life  of  Brant,  II.,  460,]  incorrectly  located  at  the  battle  of  Newtown 

n  "Col.  Cantine  commanding  a  regiment  of  militia  arrived  during  the  day.  I  then 
pursued  but  could  not  overtake  him,  as  he  ran  through  a  large  swamp  beyond  the  hill  ; 
and  Col.  Cantine  being  also  in  pursuit,  I  returned,  not  having  any  prospect  of  overtak- 
ing him."  [Col.  Van  Cortlandt's  statement,  1825. 

12  "  The  second  day  after,  pursued  my  march  to  Fort  Penn  as  ordered  by  the  com- 
mander-in-chief,  and  there  received  General  Sullivan's  orders  to  make  a  road  through 
the  wilderness."     [Col.  Van  Cortlandt's  statement,  1825. 

13  The  present  name  of  a  stream  flowing  south-easterly  two  miles  south  of  Ellenville. 

14  On  the  Lurenkil  two  miles  south  of  Ellenville. 

is  Present  WUBTZBORO  in  town  of  Mamacating  on  Sauthier's  Map  of  1779,  said  to  have 
been  named  in  honor  of  an  Indian  chief,  is  about  fourteen  miles  south-west  of  Wawar- 
sing.  A  block  house  was  here  occupied  during  the  revolution. 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  25 

Friday,  7th. — At  4  struck  tents,  marched  at  5,  halted  at 
Bashesland  for  refreshment  for  about  two  hours,  proceeded 
on  our  march.  Crossed  Denanasink17  Creek  at  Dewitt's18  and 
arrived  at  Major  Decker's,  crossed  the  creek  with  wagons 
and  encamped  in  the  field  near  Decker's  house. 

Saturday,  May  8th. — Drew  provisions ;  marched  at  about 
11  o'clock  and  encamped  at  Haurnanack.19 

Sunday,  9th. — Discharged  four  wagons  which  we  had  taken 
from  Wawasink ;  loaded  our  provisions  on  board  the  canoes, 
sent  them  down  the  Delaware.  At  8  o'clock  in  the  morning 
began  our  march ;  marched  to  Esquire  Yancamp's  ;20  the 
weather  very  hot,  we  rested  ourselves  and  marched  for  Deck- 
er's Ferry21  on  Delaware,  where  we  arrived  at  sundown  and 
encamped. 

Monday,  10th. — Laid  still  for  refreshment  and  washing. 

Tuesday,  llth. — Struck  tents  and  marched  at  7  in  the 
morning ;  got  over  the  ferry,  proceeded  on  our  march ;  rested 

J6  WEST  BROOKVILLE,  formerly  called  Bashusville,  near  the  southern  line  of  town 
of  Mamakating  in  Sullivan  County.  So  called  from  a  squaw  named  Bashe,  who  lived 
on  the  bank  of  the  creek.  The  first  house  built  was  of  stone  and  used  as  a  fort. 

17  MAHACKAMACK  or  Neversink  River,  the  crossing  appears  to  have  been  near  Cud- 
debackville  in  the  town  of  Deer  Park. 

is  DsWiTT— A  brother  of  Mrs.  James  Clinton,  the  mother  of  DeWitt  Clinton  ;  where 
he  is  said  to  have  been  born,  March  2,  1769,  while  Mrs.  Clinton  was  on  a  visit  with  her 
brother.  General  James  Clinton  in  1763  raised  and  commanded  a  corps  of  two  hundred 
men,  called  the  Guards  of  the  Frontier.  This  position  called  Fort  De  Witt  was  one  of 
the  posts  occupied.  Other  accounts  say  he  was  born  at  the  homestead  of  the  Clinton 
family  at  Little  Britain. 

19  Now  PORT  JERVIS,  formerly  called  MOHOCKAMACK  FORK,  at  the  junction  of  the  Xev- 
ersink  and  Delaware  Rivers.    The  route  taken  appears  to  have  been  over  the  "  old  mine 
road  "  as  it  was  called,  constructed  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers  of  Esopus  to  reach  a  cop- 
per mine  in  Walpack  Township,  Warren  Co.,  N.  J.    It  follows  the  Mamakating  Valley, 
the  first  north  of  the  Shawangunk  mountains,  and  continues  in  that  of  the  Mahack- 
amack  branch  of  the  Delaware  river,  and  penetrates  the  Minnisinks  east  of  that  river. 
The  mine  was  about  three  miles  north-west  from  Nicholas  Depew's  house. 

20  John  Adams,  while  attending  Congress  during  its  session  at  Philadelphia,  as  late  as 
1800,  passed  over  this  same  "  Mine  Road  "  as  the  most  eligible  route  from  Boston  to  that 
city.    He  was  accustomed  to  lodge  at  Squire  Van  Campen's  in  the  Jersey  Minnisinks. 

41  DECKER'S  FERRY  at  Flatbrookville,  about  thirteen  miles  from  Fort  Penn  at 
Stroudsburg. 


26  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

for  refreshments,  at  Smithfield  at  or  near  Depew's,22  at  5  P. 
M. ;  marched  for  Fort  Penn  where  we  arrived  at  dusk  of  the 
evening. 

May  12th  and  13th. — Laid  still  at  Fort  Penn23  on  account 
of  rainy  weather. 

Friday,  May  14th,  1779. — The  weather  clear,  we  received 
orders  to  march  at  1  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Struck  tents, 
marched  for  Learn's  ;24  marched  about  five  miles  and  en- 
camped in  the  wood. 

Saturday,  15th. — About  7  in  the  morning  struck  tents 
and  marched  to  Learn's ;  pitched  camp,  and  proceeded  with 
a  party  to  mend  the  road  to  Weyoming.'25 

22  SAMUEL  DEPEW'S,  in  the  town  of  Smithfield,  Monroe  Co.,  Pa.,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Delaware,  three  miles  above  the  Water  Gap,  where  he  settled  prior  to  1730.  He  was 
one  of  the  Walloons  who  came  to  New  York  about  1697.    Rev.  H.  M.  Muhlenberg,  who 
lodged  at  his  house  in  1750,  states  he  had  been  Justice  of  the  Peace,  was  a  prominent 
man  in  Smithfield,  and  at  that  time  advanced  in  life.    The  river  is  fordabla  at  the  head 
of  Depew's  Island,  a  little  above  the  house.    The  old  homestead  is  still  in  the  Depew 
family  ;  Nicholas,  one  of  Samuel's  sons,  is  well  known  in  provincial  history  between 
1750  and  1770.    On    the  Pennsylvania  side  of  the  river  on  Depew's  land,  stood  the 
/Smithfield  or  old  Shawne  church,  removed  about  1854. 

23  Ft.  Penn,  at  Stroudsburg,  Monroe  County,  Pa.,  built  in  1763,  on  the  site  previously 
occupied  by  Ft.  Hamilton,  built  in  1755. 

21  LARNED'S  log  tavern,  north-west  of  Stroudsburg,  twenty-eight  miles  from  Easton. 
The  main  army  encamped  here  June  19th,  at  camp  called  Pocono  Point.  This  was  the 
last  house  on  the  road  between  Easton  and  Wyoming.  On  the  3d  of  July,  1781,  Mr. 
Lamed  was  shot  and  scalped  near  his  house,  as  also  was  his  son  George.  Another  son, 
John,  shot  one  of  the  Indians  who  was  left  on  the  spot  where  he  fell.  The  Indians  car- 
ried off  George  Larned's  wife,  and  an  infant  four  months  old,  but  not  wishing  to  be  en- 
cumbered with  the  child,  dashed  out  its  brains. 

25  The  2d  New  York  Regiment,  Col.  Van  Cortlandt,  and  Col.  Spencer's  N.  J.  Regiment 
were  ordered  to  precede  the  army  and  construct  a  road  over  the  mountains  to  Wyoming. 
They  followed  the  well  known  Indian  trails  mainly,  one  of  which  led  from  Easton  by 
way  of  the  Wind  Gap,  directly  north,  along  the  high  lands  between  the  Delaware  and 
Susquehanna  rivers,  to  New  York  State  line  near  Oghquaga  ;  the  other  leaving  Fort 
Penn  at  Stroudsburg,  passed  through  the  townships  of  Pocono,  Tunkhanna,  Tobyhanna, 
Buck,  Bear  Creek,  to  Wyoming.  Much  of  this  road  is  still  in  use  and  is  known  as  the 
"  old  Sullivan  road."  At  Easton  Gen.  Sullivan  published  the  following  order  : 

HEAD-QUARTERS,  EASTON,  May  31,  1779. 

*  *  *  The  commander-in-chief  returns  his  most  sincere  thanks  to  Colonels  Cort- 
landt and  Spencer,  and  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  under  their  command  for  their  un- 
paralleled exertions  in  clearing  and  repairing  the  road  to  Wyoming.  He  cannot  help 
promising  himself  success  in  an  expedition,  in  which  he  is  to  be  honored  with  the  com- 
mand of  troops  who  give  such  pleasing  evidence  of  their  zeal  for  the  service,  and  mani- 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  27 

Sunday,  16th. — Our  camp  remained,  and  were  joined  by 
Coll.  Spencer's'26  regiment;  we  continued  making  the  road. 
At  night  seven  men  deserted  from  our  regiment.27 

Monday,  17th. — Decamped  from  Learn's  about  7  in  the 
morning,  and  encamped  at  about  7  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
just  on  the  west  side  of  a  small  creek  called  White  Oak 
Run.28 

Tuesday,  18th. — Our  camp  remained ;  we  continued  work- 
ing on  the  road ;  I  was  ordered  to  remain  in  camp  with  the 
guard. 

Wednesday,  19th. — Last  night  about  11  o'clock,  an  alarm 
happened  by  the  firing  of  one  of  the  sentinels,  but  soon  found 
it  to  be  false  alarm.29  The  weather  being  wet,  we  remained 
in  camp  all  day. 

fest  so  strong  a  desire  to  advance  with*  expedition  against  the  inhuman  murderers  of 
their  friends  and  countrymen.     *     *     *     * 

Order  Book  Lieu.-Col.  GEORGE  C.  BARBER,  of  3d  N.  J.  Regt., 

Adjutant  Gen'l  of  the  Western  Army. 

26  COL.  OLIVER  SPENCER,  Commanding  the  Independent  regiment,  5th  Continental  of 
New  Jersey. 

2"  General  Sullivan  reached  Wyoming  with  the  main  body  of  the  army  June  23d  ;  the 
following  appeared  in  orders  on  the  25th  : 

HEAD- QUARTERS,  WYOMING,  June  25, 1779. 

*  *  *  At  a  general  court  martial  held  on  the  eighth  instant,  whereof  Major  Fish 
was  president,  Oliver  Arnold  of  the  2nd  New  York  regiment,  was  tried  for  desertion, 
round  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  be  shot  to  death  ;  the  General  approves  the  sentence  and 
orders  it  to  be  executed  at  the  head  of  the  regiment  to-morrow  afternoon  at  six  o'clock. 
Edward  Tyler  of  the  same  regiment  tried  by  the  same  court  for  desertion,  found  guilty 
and  sentenced  to  run  the  guantelope  through  Cortlandt's.  Spencer's  and  Cilley's  regi- 
ments, with  a  centinel  at  his  breast  to  regulate  his  pace  ;  the  General  approves  the  sen- 
tence and  orders  it  executed  to-morrow  afternoon  at  five  o'clock.  John  Stevens  of  the 
same  regiment,  tried  for  desertion,  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  receive  one  hundred 
lashes  ;  the  General  approves  the  sentence  and  orders  it  executed  at  the  head  of  the  reg. 
iment,  to-morrow  afternoon  at  six  o'clock.  *  *  * 

Order  Book,  Lieu.-CoL.  GEORGE  C.  BARBER, 

Adjutant  Gen'l  of  the  Western  Army. 

28  Near  the  west  line  of  Pocono  Township,  also  called  Rum  bridge. 

29  There  were  three  paths  leading  eastward  from  Wyoming  ;  the  southern,  called  the 
"  warriors'  path,"  by  way  of  Fort  Allen  and  along  the  Lehigh  to  the  Delaware  Water 
Gap  at  Easton  ;  the  northern,  by  way  of  the  Lackawana  at  Capouse  Meadows,  through 
Cobb's  Gap  and  the  Lackawaxen,  to  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  ;  the  middle  one,  along 
which  this  military  road  was  constructed,  led  through  the  Wind  Gap  to  Easton.    The 


28  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Thursday,  20th. — Rainy  weather  with  some  thunder ;  we 
remained  in  camp. 

Friday,  21st. — Foggy,  rainy  weather  with  thunder  and 
lightning;  remained  in  camp.  This  day  Ensign  Swart- 
wout30  arrived  in  camp  from  the  State  of  New  York,  brought 
news  that  the  Indians  were  lurking  about  Rochester  and 
Wawasink ;  and  the  inhabitants  chiefly  moved  off  their  fam- 
ilies. 

Saturday,  22nd. — The  weather  continued  rainy.  Re- 
mained in  camp.  At  sunset  the  weather  cleared  off, 

Sunday,  23d. — The  morning  fair  and  clear.  Received  or- 
ders to  march.  At  8  o'clock  the  General  beat ;  struck  tents, 
proceeded  on  our  march  till  over  a  creek  in  the  Great 


massacre  of  Wyoming  in  1778  had  filled  the  forests  along  this  central  trail  with  hun- 
dreds of  helpless  fugitives  ;  some  estimate  the  .number  about  two  thousand,  mostly 
women  and  children  ;  many  sunk  under  the  tomahawk,  others  died  of  excitement,  fa- 
tigue, hunger  and  exposure;  many  were  lost  and  perished  in  the  woods,  while  hundreds 
were  never  seen  or  heard  of  after  their  precipitate  flight.  At  this  time  small  parties  of 
Indians  still  hovered  around  Wyoming.  They  watched  the  passes,  and  occasionally  ex- 
hibited extraordinary  instances  of  courage  and  audacity.  Major  Powell,  with  two  hun- 
dred men  of  a  regiment  that  had  suffered  severely  at  the  battle  of  Germantown,  having 
been  ordered  to  Wyoming,  arrived  at  Bear  Creek  about  ten  miles  from  that  point,  on  the 
19th  of  April.  Deeming  themselves  out  of  danger  from  a  surprise  by  the  Indians, 
officers  and  men  arrayed  themselves  in  their  best  apparel,  burnished  their  arms  and  put 
everything  in  shape  for  a  respectable  appearance  on  entering  the  Valley.  According  to 
the  fashion  of  the  day  the  officers  donned  their  ruffles,  powdered  their  hair,  and  with 
enlivening  strains  of  music,  advanced  toward  their  destination.  The  advance  guard  re- 
ported having  seen  some  deer,  and  Captain  Davis,  Lieutenant  Jones  and  others,  started 
in  pursuit ;  near  the  summit  of  the  second  mountain  by  the  Laurel  Run,  and  about 
four  miles  from  the  fort,  a  fire  was  opened  upon  them  by  the  Indians  in  ambush.  Davis, 
Jones,  Corporal  Butler  and  three  soldiers  were  killed  and  scalped.  Chaplain  Rogers 
says  :  "  Scalped,  tomahawked  and  speared  by  the  savages,  fifteen  or  twenty  in  number  ; 
"  two  boards  are  fixed  at  the  spot  where  Davis  and  Jones  fell,  with  their  names  on  each. 
"Jones's  being  besmeared  with  his  own  blood.  In  passing  this  melancholy  vale,  an 
"  unusual  gloom  appeared  on  the  countenances  of  both  officers  and  men  without  distinc- 
"  tion,  and  from  the  eyes  of  many,  as  by  a  sudden  impulse,  drops  the  sympathizing  tear. 
"  Colonel  Proctor,  out  of  respect  to  the  deceased,  ordered  the  music  to  play  the  tune  of 
''  Roslin  Castle,  the  soft  and  moving  notes  of  which,  together  with  what  so  forcibly 
"  struck  the  eye,  tended  greatly  to  fill  our  breasts  with  pity,  and  to  renew  our  grief  for 
"  our  worthy  departed  friends  and  brethren.11  The  bodies  of  the  two  officers  were  ex- 
humed a  few  weeks  after  this  and  re-interred  at  Wilkesbarre,  with  military  aud  ma- 
sonic honors  by  the  officers  of  Sullivan's  army. 

30  Barnardus  Swartwout,  an  Ensign  in  first  company  of  Col.  Van  Cortlandt1s  regiment. 


HAKDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  29 

Swamp81  called  Tackhanack,  the  road  very  bad,  the  baggage 
could  not  come  up ;  went  back  and  mended  the  road  and 
encamped  where  the  baggage  was.  In  the  evening,  Ser- 
geant Jonas  Brown3'2  with  five  men,  was  sent  off  to  Wey- 
oming  with  letters  from  General  Sullivan  to  General  Hand.33 
Monday,  24th. — About  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  struck 
camp,  marched  across  the  Tackhanack34  and  encamped  on  a 
higlit,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  creek,  but  continued  mak- 
ing the  road  which  was  very  bad  about  that  place. 

31  "  Monday,  June  21, 1779. — This  day  we  marched  through  the  Great  Swamp,  and  Bear 
Swamp.    The  Great  Swamp,  which  is  eleven  or  twelve  miles  through,  contains  what  is 
called  on  our  maps  "  shades  of  death,1'  by  reason  of  its  darkness  ;  both  swamps  con- 
tain trees  of  amazing  height,  viz.,  hemlock,  birch,  pine,  sugar  maple,  ash,  locust,  etc. 
The  roads  in  some  places  are  tolerable,  but  in  other  places  exceeding  bad,  by  reason  of 
which,  and  a  long  though  necessary  march,  three  of  our  wagons  and  the  carriages  of 
two  field  pieces  were  broken  down.    This  day  we  proceeded  twenty  miles  and  encamped 
late  in  the  evening.at  a  spot  which  the  commander  named  Camp  Fatigue.    The  troops 
were  tired  and  hungry.    The  road  through  the  Swamps  is  entirely  new,  being  fitted  for 
the  passage  of  our  wagons  by  Colonels  Cortlandt  and  Spencer  at  the  instance  of  the 
commander-in-chief ;  the  way  to  Wyoming,  being  before  only  a  blind,  narrow  path. 
The  new  road  does  its  projectors  great  credit,  and  must  in  a  future  day  be  of  essential 
service  to  the  inhabitants  of  Wyoming  and  Easton.    In  the  Great  Swamp  is  Locust  Hill, 
where  we  discovered  evident  marks  of  a  destroyed  Indian  village.    Tobyhanna  and 
Middle  creeks  empty  into  the  Tunkhanunk  ;  the  Tunkhanunk  empties  into  the  head 
branch  of  the  Lehigh,  which   at  Easton,  empties  into  the  Delaware.    The  Moosick 
mountain,  through  a  gap  of  which  we  passed  in  the  Great  Swamp,  is  the  dividing  ridge 
which  separates  the  Delaware  from  the  Susquehanna. ' '— [Rev.  William  Rogers'  Journal. 

32  Sergeant  Jonas  Brown,  of  Captain  Charles  Graham's  Co.,  Second  New  York,  re- 
turned as  dead  by  Lieut.  Conolly,  in  1785,  drew  lot  twenty-three,  of  the  military  tract  in 
Homer,  containing  six  hundred  acres. 

3.3  BRIGADIER  GENERAL  EDWARD  HAND,  the  youngest  brigadier  of  the  expedition. 
Born  in  Ireland  the  last  day  of  1744,  was  an  ensign  in  the  British  army,  served  two  years 
with  his  regiment  in  America,  then  resigned  and  settled  in  Pennsylvania.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Revolution  he  entered  the  continental  service  as  Lieutenant-Colonel,  was 
made  Colonel  of  a  rifle  corps  in  1776,  was  in  the  battles  of  Long  Island  and  Trenton,  and 
in  the  summer  of  1777  was  in  command  at  Pittsburg.  Washington  placed  great  confi- 
dence in  his  judgment  and  consulted  him  freely  as  to  the  feasibility  of  this  campaign. 
In  1780  he  succeeded  Scammel  as  Adjutant  General  of  the  army  and  held  the  position 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  a  lover  of  fine  horses  and  an  excellent  horseman. 
He  died  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Sept.  3,  1802. 

34  TUNKHANNA,  from  Tankhanne,  i.  e.,  the  small  stream,  is  a  tributary  of  the  Toby- 
hanna, which  it  enters  at  the  west  corner  of  Tunkhanna  township.  The  smallest  of  two 
confluents  or  sources  of  a  river  is  always  called  Tankhanne  by  the  Delawares. 


30  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Tuesday,  25th. — Left  ou-r  camp  standing,  and  continued 
making  the  road ;  built  a  bridge  and  causeway  at  Tobehanna35 
of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  paces  in  length.  The  creek  is 
considerable  large  and  abounds  with  trout.36  Some  good 
land  along  the  creek ;  the  road  very  difficult  to  make. 

Wednesday,  26th. — Laid  still  in  camp  on  purpose  to  re- 
fresh the  men,  and  washing.  Sergeant  Brown  returned  from 
Weyoming. 

Thursday,  27th. — Went  out  to  work. 

Friday,  28th. — Finished  the  bridge  across  the  Tobehannah 
and  returned  to  camp. 

Saturday,  29th. — John  Curry  and  Michael  Sellers  were 
tried  at  the  drum-head,  for  stealing  rum  from  the  commis- 
sary,37 found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  receive,  Curry  seventy- 
five  lashes,  and  Sellers  fifty,  which  was  directly  put  in  exe- 
cution. Our  camp  remained;  we  continued  work  on  the 
road.  After  we  returned  from  fatigue,  Gen.  Sullivan  and 
Col.  Hoopes38  arrived  in  our  camp. 

Sunday,  30th. — In  the  morning  Gen.  Sullivan  and  Col. 
Hoopes  returned  to  Easton.  At  7  o'clock  in  the  morning 
struck  tents,  the  regiment  marched  to  Locust  Hill  and  en- 


35  TOBYHANNA,  corrupted  from  Topi-hanne,  signifying  alder  stream,  i.  e.,  a  stream 
whose  banks  are  fringed  with  alders  ;  is  a  tributary  of  the  Lehigh,  which  it  enters  from 
the  south-east  at  Stoddartsville. 

36  The  camp  of  the  two  regiments  on  White  Oak  Run,  or  Rum  Bridge  as  called  in 
some  journals,  was  the  same  place  where  the  main  army  encamped  June,  19th,  and 
"  called  CHOWDER  CAMP  from  the  commander-in-chief  dining  this  day  on  chowder  made 
of  trout." 

37  "  One  quart  of  whiskey  to  be  issued  this  evening  to  each  officer,  and  a  half  pint  to 
each  non-commissioned  officer  and  soldier  on  the  detachment  command  by  General 
Poor.    *    *    *    The  officers  are  to  see  respectively  that  water  be  immediately  mixed 
with  the  soldier's  whiskey >"    General  orders,  Aug.  15,  at  Tioga. 

38  Major  Adam  Hoops,  third  A.  D.  C.  to  General  Sullivan.     He  was  in  the  army 
throughout  the  Revolution,  and  at  one  period  belonged  to  the  staff  of  Washington.    He 
was  connected  with  the  earliest  surveys  of  Western  New  York.  In  1804,  he  in  company 
with  Ebenezer  F.  Norton,  purchased  most  of  the  township  of  Olean  and  laid  out  the 
village  of  Hamilton,  the  original  name  of  present  village  of  Olean.    He  was  a  bachelor 
and  died  in  Westchester,  Pa. 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  31 

camped  there  ;39  myself  was  ordered  to  remain  with  the  Com- 
missary stores  which  could  not  move  with  the  baggage  for 
want  of  teams. 

Monday,  31st. — The  Coll.  sent  the  wagons  back  to  fetch 
the  stores.  We  loaded  them  on  the  wagons  and  proceeded 
to  Camp  and  arrived  there  at  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 
The  troops  worked  on  the  road. 

Tuesday,  June  1st. — Worked  on  the  road.  The  Camp  re- 
mained on  Locust  Hill. 

Wednesday,  June  2d. — Lt.  Weissenfels40  of  our  regiment 
was  sent  to  Weyoming  as  an  escort  to  guard  a  number  of 
pack  horses.  The  troops  continued  working  the  road.  I 
was  ordered  on  court  martial,  of  which  Captain  Graham  was 
President.' 

Thursday,  June  3d. — The  troops  did  not  work  for  want  of 
provision. 

Friday,  June  4th. — The  camp  remained  on  Locust  Hill. 
Captain  Graham,  myself,  and  two  other  officers  were  ordered 
to  inspect  pork  which  was  chiefly  Condemned  on  account  of 
its  being  Spoiled.41  On  the  3d  of  June,  John  Ten  Eyck, 


39  Dr.  Jabez  Campfield  of  Col.  Spencer's  Regiment,  joined  his  regiment  while  they 
were  in  camp  at  Tunkhanna  on  the  26th  of  May,  where  he  says  they  continued  until  the 
30th,  "when  we  marched  to  Locust  Hill.  All  this  way  the  land  very  indifferent 
and  rough,  the  timber  mostly  pitch  pine  and  hemlock,  some  white  pine,  also  birch, 
mirtle,  and  some  beach,  elm  and  spruce.  This  hill  is  covered  with  small  locust  trees. 
While  the  detachment  remained  at  Locust  Hill,  the  First  New  Hampshire  Regiment 
joined  us,  but  at  the  same  time  a  detachment  under  Colonel  Smith  were  sent  to  Wyo- 
ming so  that  we  gained  very  little  by  the  Hampshire  men  coming  up." 

William  Barton's  Journal  under  date  of  June  llth  says  :  *  *  *  "  Locust  Hill  so 
called,  on  account  of  being  entirely  timbered  with  it  for  twenty-three  miles.  We  all 
proceeded  on  our  journey  again  until  we  fell  in  with  a  detachment  composed  of  sev- 
eral regiments  which  had  been  cutting  a  road  through  from  Larnard's  to  Wyoming,  as 
there  never  was  any  before  only  an  old  Indian  path," 

•w  Lieutenant  Charles  F.  Weisenfels  of  3d  company,  2nd  regiment,  served  during  the 
war. 

41  On  the  21st  of  July,  General  Sullivan  writes  to  Congress  from  Easton,  after  com- 
plaining of  the  delays  of  the  quarter-master  and  commissary  departments  in  forwarding 
supplies,  he  speaks  as  follows  in  regard  to  the  quality  :  *  *  *  "My  duty  to  the  public, 
and  regard  to  my  own  reputation,  compel  me  to  state  the  reasons  why  this  army  has 


32  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

soldier  in  Captain  French's  company  of  light  infantry  was 
drowned  in  the  Lehi  by  accident. 

Saturday,  5th. — The  regiment  was  ordered  on  fatigue  with 
three  days  provisions,  that  night  lay  out  in  the  woods. 

Sunday  6th. — I  was  relieved  by  Lt.  Fairlie42  and  went  to 
Camp,  this  day  we  worked  through  the  great  Swarnp. 

Monday,  7th  June. — At  about  8  in  the  morning  decamped 
from  Locust  Hill,  crossed  the  Lehi  and  encamped  on  the  side 
of  a  Swamp  called  the  Shades  of  Death,43  about  six  miles 
from  Locust  Hill. 

Tuesday,  8th  June. — About  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
struck  our  tents,  marched  through  the  Shades  of  Death,  and 
encamped  at  night  about  one  mile  from  the  Shades. 

Wednesday,  9th. — The  Camp  remained. 

Thursday  10th. — The  Camp  remained.  The  troops  worked 
on  the  road. 

Friday,  llth. — The  regiment  decamped  and  marched  with- 
in seven  miles  from  Weyoming.  Capt.  Wright  and  I  re- 
mained behind  to  guard  the  Commissary  Stores. 

Saturday,  12th. — The  guard  and  Commissary  Stores  came 
up  to  Camp. 

Sunday,  13th. — Laid  still. 


been  so  long  delayed  here,  without  advancing  into  the  enemy's  country.  *  *  *  The 
inspector  is  now  on  the  ground,  by  order  of  the  Board  of  War,  inspecting  the  provis- 
ions ;  and  his  regard  to  the  truth  must  oblige  him  on  his  return  to  report  that,  of  the 
salted  meat  on  hand,  there  is  not  a  single  pound  fit  to  be  eaten,  even  at  this  day,  though 
every  measure  has  been  taken  to  preserve  it  that  possibly  could  be  devised."  *  *  * 
About  one  hundred  and  fifty  cattle  sent  to  Sunbury  were  left  there,  being  too  poor  to 
walk,  and  many  of  them  unable  to  stand.11 

4-  LIEUT.  JAMES  FAIRLTE,  of  Capt.  Fowler's  company,  2nd  regiment,  after  the  consol- 
idation of  the  five  New  York  regiments  in  1780.  He  drew  military  lots  Nos.  seventy- 
three  Cato,  and  sixty-five  Brutus. 

43  SHADES  OP  DEATH,  supposed  by  many  to  have  derived  the  name  from  the  sufferings 
of  those  who  escaped  from  the  massacre  of  Wyoming,  but  this  is  evidently  an  error,  as 
the  name  was  attached  to  the  locality  and  appeared  on  the  maps,  long  previous 
to  1778. 


HARDEXBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  33 

Monday,  14th. — At  six  o'clock  the  General  beat,  struck 
tents  and  marched  to  Weyoming44  and  arrived  there  at  about 
12,  and  pitched  Camp. 

June  15th  and  16th.— Laid  still. 

Thursday,  17th. — Moved  the  camp  about  four  miles  up 
the  Kiver,  to  a  placed  called  Jacob's  Plains.45 

18th  and  19th. — Laid  still. 

Sunday,  June  20th. — I  was  ordered  to  go  down  the  River 
Sisquehannah  with  a  party  in  boats46  under  the  command  of 

44  WYOMING.  * 

"  On  Susquehanna' s  side,  fair  Wyoming! 

Delightful  Wyoming  !  "—CAMPBELL. 

The  Delaware  name  given  to  a  valley  on  the  Susquehanna  river,  of  three  to  four  miles 
in  width,  by  about  sixteen  in  length,  extending  from  the  mountain  range  above  the 
Lackawana,  where  the  river  wends  its  way  through  a  gorge  a  thousand  feet  deep,  south- 
Avesterly  to  where  the  river  again  finds  its  way  through  a  range  equally  lofty  and  precip- 
itous. This  was  the  SCHAHENTOA  or  SCHAHEN-DOWANE  of  the  Iroquois,  signifying 
great  plains,  as  does  also  the  Delaware  name  of  Wyoming.  From  its  earliest  known 
history,  this  valley  has  been  a  favorite  place  of  Indian  residence,  and  was  the  probable 
seat  of:  an  Iroquois  tribe,  called  SCHAHENTOAB-RONONS  by  Brebeuf  in  1635,  whom  he  de- 
scribes as  allies  of  the  Hurons,  and  speaking  their  language.  In  1614,  three  Dutchmen 
in  the  employ  of  the  Directors  of  New  Netherland,  accompanied  a  party  of  Mahican  In- 
dians from  near  Fort  Orange,  in  a  war  expedition  against  the  CARANTOUANNAIS,  a  pow- 
erful Iroquois  tribe,  whose  main  village  containing  more  than  eight  hundred  warriors, 
was  located  on  the  so-called  "Spanish  Hill"  near  Waverly,  N.  Y.  These  Dutchmen 
were  captured  by  the  Carantouannais,  and  were  the  first  white  men  these  Indians  had 
ever  seen  ;  believing  them  to  be  French,  who  were  allies  of  their  friends  the  Hurons, 
they  treated  them  kindly,  and  conducted  them  down  the  Susquehanna  to  this  point,  and 
thence  by  way  of  the  Lehigh  river,  to  the  Delaware,  where  they  were  ransomed  by  Capt. 
Hendricksen,  "giving  for  them  kittles,  beads  and  merchandise."  In  the  map  made  by 
the  Captain  from  information  furnished  by  these  Dutchmen,  he  indicated  four  towns 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  at  this  point,  and  designated  the  tribe  as  MINQUAS,  this 
being  the  general  name  applied  by  the  Dutch  to  all  the  Iroquois  tribes  south  of  the  Five 
Nations,  and  west  of  New  Netherland,  several  of  which  are  known  to  have  been  in  exist- 
ence at  that  early  date,  but  which  appear  to  have  been  entirely  overlooked  by  the  schol- 
ars of  the  country. 

45  JACOB'S  PLAINS. — A  plateau  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  above  present  Wilkes- 
barre  in  the  town  of  Plains.    Abraham's  Plains  are  on  the  west  side  of  the  river.  "June 
17.— Decamped  at  10  o'clock.    The  three  regiments  marched  up  to  Jacob's  Plains,  en- 
camped near  the  bank  of  the  river  on  the  east  shore,  about  four  miles  above  the  garri- 
son."— Nathaniel  Webb's  Journal, 

46  "  July  20. — Three  hundred  boats  arrived  with  provisions  from  Sunbury. 

July  21.— Eight  hundred  head  of  cattle,  five  hundred  horses,  five  hundred  wagons  ar- 
rived. 

July  24 — Two  hundred  boats  arrived,  with  stores,  at  which  time  thirty  cannon  were 
fired  from  the  park."— Nathaniel  Webb's  Journal. 


34  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Captain  Graham.  Left  Weyoming  about  7  o'clock  in  the 
morning  and  arrived  with  the  boats  at  Fort  Jenkins47  at  sun- 
set and  stayed  that  night. 

Monday,  21st. — Left  Fort  Jenkins  in  the  morning,  pro- 
ceeded down  the  Eiver  and  arrived  at  Northumberland 
town,48  dined  there,  and  proceeded  to  Sunbury  and  arrived 
there  at  7  o'clock  at  night, 

Tuesday,  22nd. — Laid  still  at  Sunbury  and  loaded  the 
boats  with  flour  and  beef. 

"Wednesday,  23d. — At  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  left  Sun- 
bury,  proceeded  up  the  Kiver  about  eight  miles, 

Thursday,  24th. — Proceeded  up  the  Eiver  till  night  and 
lodged  on  board  the  boat.  In  the  night  lost  my  hat. 

Friday,  25th. — Proceeded  up  the  River  as  far  as  Fort 
Jenkins  and  lodged  there.49 

Saturday,  26th. — Left  Fort  Jenkins  and  arrived  at  the 
falls.50  Got  half  the  boats  up  the  falls,  which  were  drawn 
up  by  ropes. 


47  FORT  JENKINS, — near  Centreville,  Columbia  County,  half  wpy  between  Wyoming 
and  Sunbury,  built  in  1777.    There  was  another  Fort  Jenkins  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river  a  mile  above  Fort  Wiutermoot,  built  in  1776  under  the  supervision  of  the  Jenkins 
and  Harding  families.    This  was  captured  and  destroyed  in  1778  in  the  Wj'oming  mas- 
sacre. 

48  NORTHUMBERLAND, — at  the  junction  of  the  west,  and  main  branches  of  the  Susque- 
hanua,  above  Sunbury,  sixty-five  miles  from  Wilkesbarre. 

-K»  During  the  absence  of  Lieut.  Hardenberg  down  the  river  a  party  visited  the  battle- 
ground. "  The  place  where  the  battle  was  fought  may  with  propriety  be  called  '  a  place 
of  skulls,1  as  the  bodies  of  the  slain  were  not  buried,  their  bones  were  scattered  in  every 
direction  all  around  ;  a  great  number  of  which  for  a  few  days  past  having  been  picked 
up,  were  decently  interred  by  our  people.  We  passed  a  grave  where  seventy-five  skele- 
tons were  buried  ;  also  a  spot  where  fourteen  wretched  creatures,  who,  having  surren- 
dered upon  being  promised  mercy,  were  nevertheless  made  immediately  to  sit  down  in 
a  ring,  and  after  the  savages  had  worked  themselves  up  to  the  extreme  of  fury  in  their 
usual  manner,  by  dancing,  singing,  halloaing,  &c.,  they  proceeded  deliberately  to  toma- 
hawk the  poor  fellows  one  after  another.  Fifteen  surrendered  and  composed  the  ring  ; 
upon  the  Indians  beginning  their  work  of  cruelty,  one  of  them  providentially  escaped, 
who  reported  the  matter  to  Col.  Butler,  who  upon  his  return  to  Wyoming,  went  to  the 
spot  and  found  the  bones  of  the  fourteen  lying  as  human  bodies  in  an  exact  circle." — 
Rev.  William  Rogers'  Journal. 

so  NESCOPEC  FALLS — at  present  Nescopec  in  County  of  Luzerne. 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  35 

Sunday,  27th. — Got  up  the  rest  of  the  boats,  and  proceed- 
ed up  the  River  and  halted  along  shore  over  night.  Coll. 
Ogden's  regiment  from  Jersey  was  sent  down  as  a  guard  to 
us  from  Weyoming. 

Monday,  28th. — At  Revelle  beat  proceeded  up  the  River 
to  the  upper  falls.  Got  all  the  boats  up,  (one  of  which  over- 
set in  going  up)  and  arrived  at  Shawny  flats  about  -i  miles 
from  Weyoming. 

Tuesday,  29th. — Left  Shawny  flats  in  the  morning  and  ar- 
rived at  Weyoming51  about  7  o'clock  in  the  morning,  un- 
loaded the  boats  and  went  up  to  camp  in  the  afternoon  to 
Jacob's  Plains. 

Wednesday,  30th  June. — The  regiment  was  mustered  in 
camp  at  Jacob's  Plains.  While  I  was  out  on  my  voyage 
down  the  river,  Gen.  Sullivan  arrived  at  Weyoming  with 
troops  to  be  employed  on  the  expedition. 52 


51  "  WYOMING  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  east  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  the 
town  consisting  of  about  seventy  houses,  chiefly  log  bmldings  ;  besides  these  buildings 
there  are  sundry  larger  ones  which  were  erected  by  the  army  for  the  purpose  of  receiv- 
ing stores,  &c.,  a  large  bake  and  smoke  houses.  There  is  likewise  a  small  fort  erected 
in  the  town,  with  a  strong  abbata  around  it,  and  a  small  redoubt  to  shelter  the  inhabi- 
tants in  case  of  an  alarm.  This  fort  is  garrisoned  by  100  men,  draughted  from  the  west- 
ern army,  and  put  under  the  command  of  Col.  Zebulon  Butler.  I  cannot  omit  taking 
notice  of  the  poor  inhabitants  of  the  town  ;  two  thirds  of  them  are  widows  and  orphans, 
who,  by  the  vile  hands  of  the  savages,  have  not  only  deprived  them  of  tender  husbands, 
some  indulgent  parents,  and  others  of  affectionate  friends  and  acquaintances,  besides 
robbed  and  plundered  of  all  their  furniture  and  clothing,  In  short,  they  are  left  totally 
dependent  on  the  public,  and  are  become  absolute  objects  of  charity."—  Hubleifs  Jour- 
nal. 

5-2  The  army  when  concentrated  at  Wyoming  was  organized  as  follows  : 

New  Jersey  Brigade,  Brig.  Gen'l  William  Maxwell  com'd. 

1st  N.  J.,  Col.  Matthias  Ogden. 

2d,      "        "     Israel  Shreve. 

3d,      "        "     Elias  Dayton. 

5th,  "  "  Oliver  Spencer's  Independent  Regiment,  also  fragments  of  Forsmau's 
and  Sheldon's  regiments  merged  into  Spencer's. 

New  Hampshire  Brigade — Brig.  Gen'l  Enoch  Poor,  com'd. 

1st  N.  H.,  Col.  Joseph  Cilley. 

2d      "      Lieut.  Col.  George  Reid. 

3d      "          "         "  Henry  Dearborn. 

2dN.  Y.,  Col.  Philip  Van  Cortlandt. 


36  HARDENBERGITS   JOURNAL. 

Thursday,  July  1.— Laid  still. 

Friday,  July  2d ;  Saturday,  July  3d. — Remained  at  Ja- 
cob's Plains. 

Sunday,  July  ye  4th. — Decamped  from  Jacob's  Plains 
crossed  the  river  Sisquehannah  and  encamped  on  the  west 
side  the  River,  near  forty  fort53  on  a  fine  plain  called  Abra- 
ham's Plains. 

Monday,  5th  July. — Went  out  on  a  scouting  party  in  or- 
der to  hunt.  Went  up  the  River  as  far  as  Laghawanny 
Creek  and  returned  at  sunset.  Met  with  no  success. 

During  our  stay  at  Weyoming  we  had  nothing  to  do  but 
to  keep  guard,  and  disciplining  our  troops  ;  only  a  few  that 
were  employed  in  boating  to  carry  provisions54  up  the  River 
from  Sunbury  to  Weyoming. 

(From  July  5th  to  July  31st  no  entry  was  made  in  the 
Journal). 

Saturday,  the  31st  of  July. — About  3  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon we  left  Weyoming  on  our  expedition.  Our  baggage 
being  carried  on  pack  horses,  the  provisions  and  artillery  in 
boats,  we  marched  as  far  as  Lackawannick,55  ten  miles  from 
Weyoming,  and  encamped.56 


Brigade  of  Light  Troops,  Gen'l  Edward  Hand,  com'd. 
llth  Pa.,  Lieut.  Col.  Adam  Hubley. 
German  Eegiment,  Maj.  Daniel  Burkhardt. 
Independent  Wyoming  Company,  Capt.  Simon  Spalding. 
Wyoming  Militia.  Capt.  John  Franklin. 
Schott's  Rifle  Corps,  under  Capt.  Selin. 

53  FORTY  FORT— On  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehanua  between  Pittston  and  Wilkes- 
barre,  built  in  1770  by  the  company  of  emigrants  from  Connecticut,  forty  in  number. 

54  GEN.  HAND,  and  other  officers  were  engaged  for  six  weeks  in  collecting  supplies, 
which  General  Sullivan  expected  would  be  in  Wyoming  on  his  arrival.    Four  hundred 
and  fifty  boatmen  were  enlisted  and  large  parties  of  soldiers  were  detailed  for  this  ser- 
vice. 

55  LACKAWANNA  RIVER,  flowing  into  the  Susquehanna  from  the  north-east,  called  by 
the  Delawares,  Lechau-HannecJc,  signifying  the  forks  of  a  river  or  stream,  and  by  the  Iro- 
quois  Hazirok  ;  an  Indian  town  called  Adjouquay  existed  at  an  early  date  on  the  east 
side,  on  present  site  of  Pittston. 

56  FALLING  SPRINGS.— A  short  distance  above  Campbell's  ledge,  a  beautiful  cascade 
comes  rushing  down  from  the  mountain  called  Falling  Springs.    It  proceeds  from  sev- 


HAKDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  37 

Sunday,  Aug.  first. — At  1  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  struck 
our  tents  and  marched  7  miles  to  a  place  called  Quialuti- 
mack."  The  road  was  very  difficult,  the  baggage  did  not 
arrive  till  towards  day. 

Monday,  August  ye  2d. — Laid  still  at  Quialutimack. 

Tuesday,  Aug.  3d. — At  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  struck 
our  camp,  loaded  our  baggage,  proceeded  on  our  inarch  and 
encamped  at  night  in  the  wood. 

Wednesday,  Aug.  4th. — At  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  the 
General  beat,  struck  our  tents,  proceeded  on  our  march  and 
encamped  at  night  at  Yenderlips58  Plantation.  This  day's 
march  was  very  fatiguing.  Our  regiment  was  on  the  Bear 
Guard,  the  road  very  mountainous  and  difficult.  We  had 
the  care  of  all  the  pack  horses  and  cattle,  which  was  very 
troublesome. 

Thursday,  Aug.  5th. — About  10  o'clock  decamped,  pro- 
ceeded on  our  march  and  arrived  at  Wyalusing59  and  en- 
camped there. 


eral  never-failing  springs  on  the  summit.  Hnbley  says,  "  to  attempt  a  description  of  it 
would  be  almost  presumption.  Let  this  short  account  thereof  suffice.  The  first  or 
upper  fall  thereof  is  nearly  ninety  feet  perpendicular,  pouring  from  a  solid  rock,  ush- 
ering forth  a  most  beautiful  echo,  and  is  received  by  a  cleft  of  rocks,  considerably 
more  projected  than  the  former,  from  whence  it  rolls  gradually  and  falls  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna." 

57  QUAILUTIMACK,  seven  miles  from  Lackawanna,  signifying  "  we  came  unawares  upon 
them.'1''    A  place  between  the  steep  mountain  and  the  river,  said  to  have  been  the  place 
of  an  Indian  battle.    The  camp  was  on  a  "spot  of  ground  situated  on  the  river  open 
and  clear,  containing  about  twelve  hundred  acres,  soil  very  rich,  timber  fine,  grass  in 
abundance,  and  contains  several  springs.1'— Hubley's  Journal. 

58  VAN  DER  LIPPE'S.— Now  Black  Walnut  in  the  town  of  Meshoppen,  Wyoming  Coun- 
ty.   So  called  from  atory  of  that  name,  who  was  the  first  settler,  above  the  Lackawan- 
na, who  previous  to  this  time  had  abandoned  the  valley,  and  afterward  died  in  Canada. 
During  this  day's  march  the  army  passed  over  Indian  Hill,  where  Col.  Hartley  had 
a  battle  with  the  Indians  the  previous  year. 

59  WYALUSING.    At  present  Wyalusing  in  Bradford  County. — "Passing  up  the  river 
we  came  to  a  place  called  by  the  Indians  Gohontoto.    Here  they  tell  us  was  in  early 
times  an  Indian  town,  traces  of  which  are  still  noticeable,  e.  g.,  corn  pits,  &c.,  inhabited 
by  a  distinct  nation  (neither  Aquinoschioni,  i.  e.,  Iroquois,  nor  Delawares)  who  spoke  a 
peculiar  language  and  were  called  TEHOTITACHSAE  ;  against  these  the  Five  Nations 
warred,  and  rooted  them  out.    The  Cayugas  for  a  time  held  a  number  of  them,  but  the 
nation  and  their  language  are  now  exterminated  and  extinct.  This  war,  said  the  Indian, 


38  HARDENBEEGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Friday,  Aug.  6th. — Laid  still  at  Wyalusing  for  refresh- 
ment. 

Saturday,  Aug.  7th. — Laid  still  on  account  of  ranry  weath- 
er. 

Sunday,  August  8th.60 — At  six  o'clock  in  the  morning 
struck  camp,  moved  from  Wyalusing  and  encamped  at  even- 
ing at  a  place  called  Standing  Stone.61 

Monday,  Aug.  9th. — At  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  struck 
our  tents,  proceeded  on  our  march  and  arrived  at  Sheshehung 
flats62  and  encamped  there. 

Tuesday,  Aug.  10th.— Laid  still  at  the  Flats. 

Wednesday,  Aug.  llth. — At  6  o'clock  in  the  morning 
struck  tent,  marched  at  7  o'clock  for  Tyuga.63  Our  regiment 


fell  in  the  time  when  the  Indians  fought  in  battle  with  bows  and  arrows  before  they 
had  guns  and  rifles." — Cammerhqff  &  Zeisberger's  Journal,  1750.  This  was  also  the  seat 
of  the  Moravian  mission  of  Friedenshtuten,  established  in  1765,  abandoned  in  1772 
This  was  about  a  mile  below  Wyalusing  Creek,  on  the  farms  now  occupied  by  G.  H. 
Wells  and  J.  B.  Stafford.  Rogers  devotes  several  pastes  to  a  description  of  this  town. 

*>°  NEWTYCHANNING. — This  day  Col.  Proctor  destroyed  the  first  Indian  town,  named 
Newtychanning,  containing  about  twenty  houses,  located  on  the  west  side  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna,  on  the  north  side  of  Sugar  Creek  near  North  Towanda.  Sullivan  says  it  con- 
tained twenty-two  houses  ;  Canfield,  that  it  was  built  the  preceding  year  and  contained 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  houses.  This  was  near  the  site  of  Oscalui,  of  a  previous  date, 
and  the  same  site  called  Ogehage,  on  Captain  Hendricksen's  map  of  1616,  and  was  then 
one  of  the  towns  of  the  Carantouannais,  an  Iroquois  tribe  destroyed  or  driven  out  by 
the  Five  Nations  previous  to  1650. 

61  STANDING  STONE.— A  large  and  long  rock,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  said  to  have 
been  detached  from  its  bed  on  the  mountain  and  taking  a  downward  course,  displacing 
all  obstacles,  took  a  final  leap  from  the  top  of  the  precipice,  and  landed  in  a  vertical  po- 
sition in  the  water  near  the  shore,  and  remains  a  standing  stone.  The  main  army  en, 
camped  directly  opposite  this,  on  Standing  Stone  flats;  Hand's  brigade  on  Wysox  creek 
three  miles  above. 

6-  SHESHEQUIN  FLATS.— On  site  of  present  Sheshequin  in  Bradford  County,  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  river  on  site  of  present  Ulster,  was  the  Indian  village  of  Sheshequin, 
six  miles  below  Tioga.  Cash's  creek  divided  the  town  into  two  parts,  the  north  side  be- 
*ng  heathen,  those  on  the  south  Moravian  Christians.  About  1772  the  latter  removed 
six  miles  north  and  founded  a  new  town,  afterward  known  as  Queen  Esther's  Town. 
Sheshequin  was  destroyed  by  Col.  Hartley  in  1778. 

63  TIOGA,  the  name  given  by  the  Iroquois  to  the  wedge  of  land  lying  between  the  Che- 
mung  river  and  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  ;  from  Teyaogen,  an  interval,  or  any- 
thing between  two  other  things  [Bruyas,  Agniers  Racines].  Teiohogen,  the  forks  of  a 
river  (Gallatin's  vocabulary  387).  This  has  from  time  immemorial  been  one  of  the  most 
important  strategical  points  of  the  country  of  the  Five  Nations.  Zeisberger  passed 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  39 

i 

and  the  2d  New  Jersey  regiment  was  ordered  to  cross  the 
Kiver  at  our  encampment  and  proceed  up  the  Kiver  on  the 
opposite  side,  to  take  possession  of  the  ground  at  Tyuga  to 
cover  the  fording  place  for  the  army  and  horses  to  cross  the 
Kiver,  arrived  at  Tyuga  about  11  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing.64 At  night  Gen.  Sullivan  sent  off  a  small  scout65  to  dis- 
cover Shemung66  (of  one  Captain  and  seven  men,)  which  lay 
about  twelve  miles  up  the  Tiyuga  branch. 

Aug.  12. — The  scout  returned  with  news  that  the  enemy 
seemed  to  be  in  great  confusion  and  seemed  to  be  moving 

through  here  in  1750  and  says  that  "at  Tioga  or  the  gate,  Six  Nations  Indians  were  sta- 
tioned for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  character  of  all  persons  who  crossed  over  into 
their  country,  and  that  whoever  entered  their  territory  by  any  other  way  than  through 
the  gate,  or  byway  of  the  Mohawk,  was  suspected  by  them  of  evil  purpose  and  treated  as 
a  spy  or  enemy."  An  Indian  town  of  TIOGA  near  the  point,  destroyed  by  Col.  Hartley  in 
17T8. 

The  earliest  known  account  of  the  place  is  found  in  Champlain,  who  sent  out  one  of 
his  interpreters,  named  Stephen  Brule,  in  1615,  to  arrange  with  the  Carantouannais  for  a 
force  of  five  hundred  warriors,  to  co-operate  with  him  in  an  attack  on  the  Onondaga 
stronghold,  then  located  on  the  town  of  Fenner,  Madison  Co.,  N.  Y.  Brule  with  a  small 
party  of  Hurons  passed  through  the  country  of  the  Five  Nations,  to  the  great  town  of  Car- 
antouan,  containing  more  than  eight  hundred  warriors,  then  located  on  the  so-called  Span, 
ish  Hill  near  Waverly.  Brule  returned  to  Carantouan  after  the  expedition,  and  the  next 
year,  1616,  went  down  the  Susquehanna  to  the  sea  "where  he  found  many  nations  that 
are  powerful  and  warlike." 

The  three  Dutchmen  mentioned  in  note  44  passed  down  the  Susquehanna  branch  and 
were  probably  the  first  white  men  who  ever  saw  that  river  ;  Brule,  the  first  that  ever 
<a\v  the  Chemung. 

M  BREAK-NECK  HILL.— The  army  passed  this  day  Break-Neck  Hill,  nearly  opposite 
North  Towanda.  "  This  mountain  derives  its  name  from  the  great  height  of  the  diffi- 
cult and  narrow  passage  not  more  than  a  foot  wide,  and  remarkable  precipice  which  is 
immediately  perpendicular,  and  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  deep.  One 
mis-step  must  inevitably  carry  you  from  top  to  bottom  without  the  least  hope  or  chance 
of  recovery."— Hubley's  Journal. 

"  This  day  marched  on  the  side  of  a  mountain  about  three  hundred  feet  from  the  bot 
torn  in  a  narrow  path,  where  if  we  were  to  step  one  foot  to  our  left  we  would  be  gone, 
and  on  our  right  the  mountain  was  about  four  hundred  feet  high.  N.  B.— Three  cows 
fell  down  and  broke  every  bone  in  their  bodies."— Shiite's  Journal. 

65  Capt.  Cummings  of  the  3d  N.  J.,  Lieut.  Jenkins,  Capt.  Franklin  and  five  others. 

66  CHEMUNG  —An  Indian  town  of  fifty  or  sixty  houses,  occupied  in  1779,  located  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Chemung  river,  three  miles  above  the  present  village  of  Chemung,  in 
Chemung  County,  destroyed  by  Gen.  Sullivan  Aug.  13th,  1779. 

OLD  CHEMUNG.— an  Indian  town  partially  abandoned  in  1779,  located  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Chemung  river,  half  a  mile  above  the  present  village  of  Chemung,  in  Chemung 
County.  A  few  houses  burned  Aug.  13th,  1779. 


40  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

off.  The  Gen'l  left  a  guard  at  Tiyuga  sufficient  to  guard  the 
camp  and  marched  with  the  rest  of  the  army  under  cover  of 
the  night  for  Shemung,  marched  all  night,  the  weather  very 
dark,  and  nothing  but  an  Indian  path  through  the  wood 
made  it  difficult.67 

Friday,  Aug.  13th. — About  six  o'clock  in  the  morning  we 
arrived  at  Shemung  and  found  the  enemy  had  left  the  town. 
On  our  approach  we  burnt  the  town,  destroyed  the  corn.  &c., 
and  returned  to  Tiyuga.  A  small  party  of  the  Indians  who 
had  concealed  themselves  in  the  wood,  fired  on  a  small  par- 
ty of  Gen'll  Hand's  Brigade,  killed  six  men  and  wounded 
two  without  loss  on  their  side.68  A  party  of  Gen'l  Poor's 
Brigade  was  destroying  corn,  were  fired  upon  by  the  enemy, 
killed  one  and  wounded  one. 

Saturday,  Aug.  14th. — Laid  at  Tiyuga  waiting  for  the  ariv- 
al  of  Gen'l  Clinton's  Brigade,  who  came  down  the  Susque- 
hannah  from  the  Mohawk  Eiver.  A  large  detachment  from 
the  army  was  ordered  up  to  join  him.69  The  remainder  of 


67  This  night's  march  was  very  tedious.    The  path  followed  the  north  bank  of  the  Che- 
mung,  passing  the  first  narrows,  near  present  Waverly,  and  the  second  along  the  steep 
hill-sides  and  precipices  west  of  present  Chemnng.    At  these  points  there  was  scarcely 
room  for  two  to  walk  abreast,  and  a  single  mis-step  would  insure  a  landing  on  the  rocks 
a  hundred  feet  below.    It  was  daylight  when  the  troops  reached  the  second  narrows,  but 
a  dense  fog  prevailed,  under  the  cover  of  which  they  advanced,  and  found  the  town  aban- 
doned. 

68  CHEMUNG  AMBUSCADE.— On  the  failure  to  surprise  the  Indians  in  their  village,  Gen- 
eral Hand  pursued  them  up  the  river.    About  a  mile  above  New  Chemung,  the  trail 
passed  obliquely  over  a  hill  known  locally  as  the  Hog  Back,  near  the  present  residence 
of  Doctor  Everett,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  below  the  monument  on  Sullivan  Hill. 
Col.  Hubley's  regiment  was  in  front,  with  Capt.  Bush's  company  of  forty  men  on  the 
right  acting  as  flankers,  with  the  two  Independent  Companies  in  the  rear.    The  head  of 
the  column  appears  to  have  been  somewhat  in  advance  of  the  flankers  and  when  near 
the  summit  of  the  hill,  received  a  fire  from  the  enemy  in  ambush,  at  short  range.    Six 
were  killed  and  nine  wounded,  among  the  latter  Capt.  Franklin,  Capt.  Carbury  and  Ad- 
jutant Huston,  all  of  Col.  Hubley's  regiment.    The  enemy  at  once  retreated  to  the  thick- 
et north  of  the  hill. 

69  The  following  extract  from  the  Journal  of  Major  Norris,  describes  the  march  of  this 
detachment  up  the  north  side  of  the  Susquehanna  from  Tioga  to  Union  in  the  town  of 
Union,  Broome  County,  where  they  met  General  Clinton's  brigade.    For  the  march  of 
Clinton  down  the  Susquehanna  see  Beatty's  Journal : 


HARDEXBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  41 

the  army  were  employed  in  building  a  garrison  at  Tiyu- 
ga.70  On  the  22nd  day  of  Aiig't  we  were  joined  by  Gen'l 
Clinton's  Brigade. 

Monday,  Aug't  23d.— Laid  still.  Capt,  Kimble  of  Col. 
Cilley's  Regiment,  Gen1!  Poor's  Brigade,  was. killed  in  his 
tent  by  accident  with  a  gun  being  snapped  by  a  soldier. 


"Aug.  15th.— Nine  Hundred  chosen  men  under  the  Command  of  Brig.  Gen'l  Poor  are 
ordered  to  march  Tomorrow  morning  up  the  Susquehanna,  to  meet  Gen'l  Clinton,  who 
is*  on  his  march  to  join  Sullivan's  Army  with  his  Brigade  and  is  in  some  Danger  of  being 
Atackted  by  the  Enemy  before  he  can  form  a  Junction  with  our  Main  Army  ; 
This  afternoon  a  Small  Party  of  Indian's  fired  on  some  of  our  Men  who  were  withoitt 
the  Guards  after  some  Horse's,  and  Cattle,  Killd  and  Sculped  one  man  and  Wounded 
another,  a  Party  was  sent  out  in  pursuit  of  them  but  Could  not  come  up  with  them— 

16tti  General  Poor  March'd  with  his  Detachment  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.  proceeded  in 
two  Collam's  up  the  Suscuhannah  River  Over  very  rough  Ground  we  Incampt  Near  the 
Ruins  of  an  old  town  Call'd  Macktowanuck  the  Land  near  the  River  is  very  Good— 

17th  We  marchd  Early  this  Morning  Proceed  12  Miles  to  Owagea  an  Indian  Town 
which  was  Deserted  last  Spring,  after  Planting,  About  the  town  is  many  Fruit  Trees 
and  many  Plants,  and  Herbs,  that  are  Common  in  our  part  of  the  Country  ;  Hear  is  a 
Learge  body  of  clear  Intivale  Covered  with  Grass,  Our  March  to  day  Very  Survear  and 
Fatigueing  Esspecelly  for  the  Left  Collm  (to  which  I  belong)  as  we  had  to  pass  Several 
Steap  Hills,  and  Morasses — 

18th  We  March'd  Early  this  Morning  proceeded  14  miles  to  Choconant  the  Remains 
of  a  Learge  Indian  Town  which  has  been  likewise  Abandoned  this  Summer,  here  we 
found  Plenty  of  Cucombar's,  Squashes,  Turnips  &c,  We  found  About  twenty  Houses, 
Which  we  burnt  our  Days  March  has  been  More  Survear  than  Yesterday,  as  we  had  bad 
Hills  and  Swamps,  one  swamp  of  about  two  miles  so  Covered  with  Large  Pines,  Stand- 
ing and  lying  which  appeared  as  tho'  Several  Haricanes  had  been  busy  among  since 
which  ;\  Tremendius  Groath  of  Bushes  About  twenty  feet  high  has  sprung  up  so  very 
thick  as  to  Render  the  passing  through  them  impractible  by  any  troops  but  such  as 
Nothing  but  Death  can  stop — at  sunset  we  were  Very  agreeably  alarm'd  by  the  Report 
of  a  Cannon  up  the  River  Which  was  supposed  to  be  General  Clintons  Evening  Gun — 

19th  Our  Troops  were  put  in  Motion  very  early  this  Morning  after  Marching  about 
one  Mile  Gen'l  Poor  Received  an  Exspress  from  General  Clinton  Informing  him  that  the 
Latter  exspected  to  be  hear  by  10  o'clock  A.  M.  this  day  in  Consiquence  of  which  we 
Return'd  to  our  Old  Incampment  where  General  Clinton,  Joined  us  at  10  o' Clock  with 
two  Thousand  Men— Including  Officers,  Boatsman  &.c.  he  has  two  Hundred  and  Eight 
Beautoes  with  Provisions  Ammunition  &c  after  Mutual  Congratulations  and  Comple- 
ments the  whole  Proceeded  down  the  River  to  Owagea  and  Incampt  this  Evening,  the 
town  of  Owegea  was  made  a  burnfire  of  to  Grace  our  Meating  *  *  *  *  *" 

""  FOKT  SULLIVAN — near  the  centre  of  the  present  village  of  Athens,  where  the  two 
rivers  approach  near  each  other.  It  was  about  one  hundred  yards  square,  with  a  strong 
block  house  at  each  angle,  two  opposite  ones  resting  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  and  the 
TWO  others  about  midway  between.  The  curtains  were  made  by  setting  logs  endwise  in 
the  ground,  the  whole  being  surrounded  by  a  ditch,  making  a  work  of  ample  strength. 
Col.  Shreve  was  left  in  command  with  a  garrison  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  men  beside 
The  invalids,  with  two  pieces  of  artillery. 


42  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Tuesday,  24th  Aug't — The  disposition  was  made  and  ev- 
erything got  in  readiness  for  marching.  The  army  encamped 
that  evening  agreeable  to  the  order  of  march,71  myself  being 
drafted  on  the  right  flank,  which  was  commanded  by  Col. 
Dubois. 

Wednesday,  25th. — Laid  still  not  being  able  to  get  ready 
to  march  on  account  of  our  pack  horses. 

Thursday,  26th. — Struck  tents  at  1  o'clock  and  marched 
about  3  miles  up  the  Tiyuga  Branch  and  encamped. 

Friday,  Aug't  ^7. — At  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  Gen'l 
beat,  struck  tents  at  9  o'clock  marched  off  and  encamped 
that  night  about  3  miles  below  Shemung  by  a  large  corn- 
field.72 

Saturday,  Aug't  28th. — At  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon 
marched  as  far  as  Shemung  and  encamped.73 

Sunday,  29th  Aug't. — At  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  the 
signal  for  march  was  given.  We  marched  about  4  miles 
when  our  Light  corps  fell  in  with  the  enemy  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  a  defile  with  some  slight  works  thrown  up  in 
their  front.  The  light  troops  exchanged  some  shots  with 
them  and  amused  them  whilst  Gen's  Clinton's  and  Poor's 
Brigades  with  the  right  flank  were  ordered  to  file  off  by  the 
right  and  gain  the  enemy's  rear,  which  to  effect,  we  had  to 
ascend  a  very  steep  hill  which  the  enemy  had  possessed 
themselves  of.  Whilst  we  were  gaining  the  'rear,  Col.  Proc- 


'i  The  order  of  inarch  was  arranged  to  form  a  hollow  square,  General  Hand's  Brigade 
in  front ;  General  Poor's  on  the  right ;  General  Maxwell's  on  the  left ;  and  General 
Clinton's  in  the  rear.  Within  the  square  was  Col.  Proctor's  artillery,  and  eight  lines  of 
led  pack  horses,  and  the  beef  cattle.  On  the  right  of  General  Poor  was  a  flanking  divis- 
ion, and  flank  guard,  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  men  under  Col.  Dubois  ;  and  alike  flank- 
ing division  and  guard,  on  the  left  of  Maxwell,  under  command  of  Col.  Ogden.  A  strong 
advance  guard  of  light  infantry  covered  the  front. 

"  Encamped  on  the  site  of  Old  Chemung,  burned  Aug.  13th.    See  note  66. 

73  Encamped  on  the  flats,  near  New  Chemung,  see  note  66.  The  army  passed  a  very 
difficult  defile,  known  as  the  "  Narrows"  west  of  present  Chemung  ;  the  artillery  forded 
the  river  twice. 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  43 

tor  with  the  artillery  kept  up  a  brisk  fire  on  their  works. 
On  our  ascending  the  hill  they  began  to  attack  us.  Our 
men  undauntedly  pushed  on  and  gained  the  hill.  The  ene- 
my went  off  in  confusion,  left  their  dead  on  the  ground.74— 
About  sunset  we  encamped  on  the  enemy's  ground.75  We 
had  one  major,  one  Capt.  and  one  Lt.  wounded.  The  Capt. 
and  Lieut,  died  of  their  wounds,  also  a  few  men  wound- 
ed." 


~+  Four  towns  were  destroyed  in  the  vicinity  of  the  battle  field,  viz.  : 

1st.  NEWTOWN,  an  Indian  village  of  about  twenty  houses,  occupied  in  1779,  located 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chemung  river  about  five  miles  below  Elmira,  and  a  mile  above 
the  fortified  position  between  Baldwin's  creek  and  the  river.  It  gave  the  name  to  the 
battle  font-lit  near  it  Aug.  29,  1779. 

2d.  A  small  village  north  east  of  the  battle  field  of  Newtown  on  both  sides  of  Baldwin's 
creek,  of  twenty  to  thirty  houses  which  had  never  been  occupied,  and  were  supposed  to 
have  been  built  for  storing  the  crops  grown  in  the  vicinity.  This  was  located  at  the 
point  where  Gen.  Poor  commenced  the  ascent  of  the  hill ;  and  was  destroyed  by  Clin- 
ton's brigade. 

3d.  A  small  village  near  the  angle  in  the  works  of  the  enemy  on  Baldwin's  creek,  the 
timbers  of  which  were  used  by  them  in  the  construction  of  the  fortifications.  One 
house  in  front  of  their  works  was  occupied  by  the  enemy  as  a  block  house  during  the 
engagement. 

4th.  "  Monday,  Aug.  30.  *  *  *  Went  up  the  river  about  two  miles,  then  took  up  a 
long  branch  of  the  river  (which  runs  near  S.  W.)  one  mile,  burnt  five  houses  and  de- 
stroyed all  the  corn  in  our  way." — Beatty^s  Journal. 

75  THE  BATTLE  OP  NEWTOWN  was  fought  on  Sunday,  Aug.  29, 1779,  near  the  Indian  vil- 
lage of  the  same  name,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chemung  river  six  miles  south  east  of  El- 
mira. The  enemy's  force  of  British  regulars,  two  battalions  of  Royal  Greens,  and  Tories, 
were  led  by  Colonel  John  Butler,  with  Captains  Walter  N.  Butler  and  Macdonald  as  sub- 
ordinates ;  the  Indians  by  the  great  Mohawk  Captain  Thayendanegea,  alias  Joseph 
Brant,  Butler  being  in  chief  command.  The  design  of  the  enemy  appears  to  have  been 
primarily,  an  ambuscade.  They  had  artfully  concealed  their  works,  and  posted  their 
forces  in  positions  to  attack  simultaneously,  both  flanks,  front,  and  rear;  the  position 
naturally  strong,  was  admirably  adapted  to  their  purposes.  From  Elmira,  extending 
south  easterly  for  several  miles,  is  a  mountainous  ridge,  running  parallel  with  the  river, 
something  over  six  hundred  feet  in  height  near  the  Indian  village,  but  gradually  melt- 
ing away  to  the,  level  of  the  plain  where  it  terminates  about  a  mile  below  ;  on  this  south 
eastern  slope  was  the  battle  of  Newtown.  To  the  north  and  east  of  this  ridge  is  a  simi- 
lar one,  which  also  terminates  near  the  battle  field,  and  between  them  is  a  considerable 
stream,  which,  running  nearly  parallel  with  the  river  in  its  general  course,  enters  the 
Chemung  a  mile  and  a  quarter  below.  The  river  here  sweeps  around  in  a  graceful  curve, 
making  a  full  semi-circle,  enclosing  several  hundred  acres  of  rich  bottom  lands,  on  which 
were  the  Indian  cornfields ;  the  Wellsburg  north  and  south  road  dividing  it  into  two 
nearly  equal  parts.  Rising  abruptly  from  this  plain  is  a  sharp,  narrow  ridge,  known  lo- 
cally as  the  Hog  Back,  this  extends  from  the  river  across  the  plain  nearly  to  the  creek, 


44  HARDEXBERGHS  JOURNAL. 

Aug't  30. — Kemained  on  the  ground  of  yesterday.  The 
greatest  part  of  the  army  were  employed  in  destroying  corn 
which  was  in  great  abundance. 

a  distance  of  about  a  third  of  a  mile.  The  crest  of  this  ridge  was  occupied  by  the  ene- 
my in  force,  protected  by  rude  log  breast  works  and  rifle  pits,  which  extended  to  the 
eastern  extremity,  and  from  thence  turning  north,  connected  with  the  steep  banks  of  the 
creek  above.  The  lines  to  be  defended  were  these  two  sides  of  i\  triangle,  their  right 
resting  on  the  river,  their  left  on  the  mountain,  the  j>ath  of  the  army  passing  between  the 
two  lines,  along  which  was  also  the  enemy's  line  of  retreat.  From  the  angle  in  the 
works  a  thin  line  extended  to  the  mountain,  on  which  was  a  body  of  the  enemy  and  also 
another  small  body  on  the  mountain  to  the  east.  The  results  at  Chemung  a  few  days 
previous,  led  the  enemy  to  hope  that  a  like  blunder  might  be  repeated,  and  that  Wyo- 
ming and  Minnisinks  were  to  be  re-enacted.  Presuming  that  the  army,  after  crossing 
the  creek,  would  follow  the  Indian  trail  without  discovering  their  works,  they  nattered 
themselves  that  an  unexpected  lire  on  the  exposed  flanks  would  create  great  confusion, 
which  if  augmented  by  simultaneous  attacks  in  front  and  rear  by  the  forces  in  that  quar- 
ter, might  result  in  a  panic,  and  a  possible  stampede  of  the  pack  horses  and  cattle,  which 
would  be  quite  as  disastrous  as  the  defeat  of  the  army.  But  three  companies  of  Mor- 
gan's riflemen,  the  pride  of  Washington,  were  in  the  advance  ;  these  veterans  of  a  hun- 
dred battles  were  in  no  way  inferior  to  the  enemy  in  Indian  craft ;  the  works  and  posi- 
tion of  the  enemy  were  discovered  when  afar  off,  and  this  ingenious  device  of  drawing 
our  forces  into  an  ambuscade  was  frustrated.  The  ambuscade  failing,  the  alternative 
was  presented  of  forcing  a  direct  attack  in  front,  under  great  disadvantage,  or  of  a  flank- 
ing movement,  over  very  difficult  ground,  where  nearly  the  entire  force  of  the  enemy 
could  be  brought  to  bear  on  the  attacking  force  at  any  point  on  interior  lines,  possibly 
in  time  to  repulse  one  division  of  the  army  before  the  other  could  come  to  its  relief. 
The  attack  in  front  was  invited  by  repeated  sorties  of  a  body  of  about  four  hundred  of 
the  enemy,  who  would  deliver  their  fire,  and  immediately  retreat  to  their  works.  After 
three  hours  of  skirmishing,  deliberation,  and  reconnoitering,  General  Sullivan  deter- 
mined to  divide  his  force,  turn  the  enemy's  left,  and  attack  simultaneously  in  front  and 
flank. 

The  artillery  was  posted  on  a  rising  ground,  three  hundred  yards  from  the  enemy,  in 
position  to  enfilade  the  main  line  of  their  works,  and  sweep  the  ground  in  the  rear,  Gen. 
Hand  was  to  support  the  artillery,  the  left  flanking  division  to  threaten  the  enemy's 
right,  and  Gen.  Maxwell's  brigade  to  be  held  in  reserve.  Gen.  Poor's  brigade  of  four 
regiments,  the  right  flanking  division,  and  the  three  companies  of  riflemen,  were  to  make 
a  circuit  of  about  two  miles  and  turn  the  enemy's  left  and  attack  in  flank  and  rear,  to 
be  supported  by  General  Clinton's  brigade  of  four  regiments  following  as  a  second  line. 
One  hour  was  allowed  for  this  movement,  at  the  expiration  of  which,  the  artillery  was 
to  open,  to  be  followed  by  a  general  assault  of  the  two  divisions.  Poor  almost  immedi- 
ately after  commencing  his  march,  found  himself  involved  in  a  thicket  of  underbrush, 
almost  impenetrable,  but  after  great  difficulty  reached  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  which  the 
enemy  was  posted,  just  at  the  moment  the  artillery  fire  commenced.  Forming  his  line 
of  battle  with  Lieut.  Col.  Keid's  2d  N.  H.  on  the  extreme  left,  next  to  him  Lieut.  Col- 
Dearborn's  2d  N.  H.,  then  Alden's  6th  Mass.,  and  Col.  Cilley's  1st  N.  H.  on  the  ex- 
treme right.  To  the  right  of  the  brigade  was  the  right  flanking  division  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  men  under  Col.  Dubois,  the  whole  preceded  by  three  companies  of  rifle- 
men under  Maj.  Parr.  General  Clinton's  brigade  formed  line  of  battle  with  Col.  Ganse- 
voorr's  3d  N.  Y.  on  the  left,  next  Dubois  5th  N.  Y.,  then  Livingston's  4th  N.  Y.,  with 
Van  Courtlandt's  2d  X.  Y.  on  the  extreme  right,  following  in  the  rear  of  the  first  line. 


•Swv 


THE  HEUCTYIE  PRINTING Cc.  220  DEYOIISEEE-ST^  BOSTCH 


BY  GENL..JOHN  S.CLARK 


,  N.Y. 
1879. 

OKIE  MILE  TO  ONE  INCH 


If 


lOT 


. 

- 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  45 

Tuesday,   31st   Aug't.77 — At   9    o'clock   in   the   morning 
marched  off ;  marched  ten  miles  above  Newtown  and  en- 


Poor  when  about  half  way  up  the  hill  encountered  the  enemy,  but  not  in  sufficient  force 
to  materially  check  the  advance  of  the  flanking  division,  or  the  regiments  on  his  right  ; 
on  reaching  the  summit  of  the  hill,  these  rapidly  pushed  forward  to  seize  the  defile  near 
the  river,  a  short  distance  above  Newtown,  which  was  the  only  avenue  of  escape  for  the 
enemy.  Almost  at  the  commencement  of  the  cannonade,  the  main  force  of  the  enemy 
adroitly  abandoned  their  works  without  being  discovered,  and  precipitated  themselves  on 
Col.  Reid's  regiment  in  greatly  superior  numbers.  They  swarmed  about  him  in  a  semi- 
circle, and  for  a  few  moments  made  the  forest  ring  with  their  exultant  shouts,  but  for  a 
few  minutes  only  ;  for  Col.  Dearborn  having  reached  the  summit  of  the  hill,  and  missing 
Col.  Reid  on  his  left,  on  his  own  responsibility,  faced  his  regiment  to  the  rear  and  moved 
to  his  assistance.  At  the  same  moment  the  two  regiments  on  the  left  of  Clinton's  brig- 
ade by  a  left  oblique  movement,  came  up  from  the  rear  to  Reid's  support,  and  the  enemy 
soon  found  themselves  dangerously  threatened.  The  conflict  was  short,  sharp  and  .deci- 
sive, and  the  war  whoop  soon  gave  place  to  the  retreat  halloo.  Poor  with  the  remainder  of 
his  brigade,  followed  by  the  two  regiments  on  the  right  of  Clinton,  had  pushed  rapidly 
for  the  defile.  In  the  meantime  Hand  had  advanced  in  front,  and  the  left  flanking  di- 
vision under  Col.  Ogden  had  worked  its  way  along  the  river  on  the  enemy's  flank, 
when,  the  enemy  admirably  commanded,  and  wisely  discreet,  sounded  the  signal  for  re- 
treat just  in  time  to  escape.  A  British  account  says  :  "In  this  action.  Col.  Butler  and 
all  his  people  was  surrounded,  and  very  near  being  taken  prisoners.  On  the  same  day 
a  few  miles  from  this  he  attempted  again  to  stop  them,  but  in  vain.  The  Colonel  lost  four 
rangers  killed,  two  taken  prisoners  and  seven  wounded  "  Twelve  Indians  were  found 
dead  on  the  field,  the  number  of  wounded  unknown.  The  enemy  were  pursued  for  two 
or  three  miles  above  Newtown  by  the  light  troops,  where  Salmon  says  they  made  anoth- 
er stand,  which  appears  to  be  confirmed  by  the  account  above  quoted,  but  no  details  are 
given,  and  the  matter  is  not  alluded  to  in  Gen.  Sullivan's  official  report.  The  loss  in 
killed  according  to  the  Indian  official  account,  found  four  days  after,  near  Catharine's 
town  is  as  follows  :  "Sept.  3d. — This  day  found  a  tree  marked  17r9,  Thandagana,  the 
English  of  which  is  Brant,  12  men  marked  on  it  with  arrows  pierced  through  them,  sig- 
nifying the  number  they  had  lost  in  the  action  of  the  29th  ultimo.  A  small  tree  was 
twisted  round  like  a  rope  and  bent  down  which  signified  that  if  we  drove  and  distressed 
them,  yet  we  would  not  conquer  them." 

•(i  The  loss  of  our  army  is  variously  given  in  different  accounts  of  the  action.  Major 
Livermore  (Journal  Aug.  29)  says  that  "  but  four  or  five  "  were  killed  and  three  officers 
and  about  "  thirty  others  "  were  wounded.  Lieut.  Barton  (Journal)  that  two  or  three 
of  ours  were  killed  and  "thirty-four  or  five  wounded."  Gen.  Sullivan,  in  a  despatch 
written  the  next  day  after  the  fight,  makes  the  entire  loss  three  killed  and  thirty  nine 
wounded. 

"  During  the  march  this  day  two  towns  were  burned,  viz.  : 

MIDDLE-TOWN.— A  small  Indian  town  mentioned  in  several  Journals  as  lying  between 
Newtown  and  Kanawlohalla,  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  consisting  of  eight  houses, 
destroyed  Aug.  31  by  the  army  while  on  the  march. 

KANAWLOHALLA. — Signifying  a  head  on,  ajwle,  located  on  the  present  site  of  Elmira' 
destroyed  by  Sullivan's  army  Aug.  31.  In  some  Journals  this  town  is  called  Newtown, 
and  the  one  near  the  battle  field  Lower  Newtown,  but  a  majority  designate  it  by  its  Indian 
name,  which,  according  to  Mr.  Maxwell  should  be  spelled  Canaweola,  as  pronounced 
by  Red  Jacket,  and  who  also  gave  the  signification,  and  the  legend  connected  with  it. 

Col.  Dayton  with  the  3d  N.  J.  regiment  and  a  detachment  of  riflemen  w.ere  detached 


46  HARDEKBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

camped  on  a  large  pine  plain,  forming  a  square  with  our 
camp  to  secure  our  pack  horses  and  cattle. 

Wednesday,  Sept.  1st. — The  signal  gun  fired  at  8  o'clock 
in  the  morning.  We  marched  at  half  past  nine,  marched 
about  6  miles  through  a  flat  level  road  at  the  end  of  which 
we  entered  a  dark  pine  swamp,  which  continued  four  miles 
with  almost  impassable ,  hills  and  valleys  and  arrived  at  11 
o'clock  at  night  at  Catharine's  town.78 

here  and  sent  up  the  river  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  whom  the  advanced  guard  saw  escap- 
ing in  their  canoes.  He  failed  to  overtake  them,  but  found  an  Indian  village  at  or  near 
present  Big  Flats,  which  he  destroyed.  He  encamped  here  for  the  night  and  rejoined 
the  main  army  the  next  morning,  by  a  march  north-east  through  the  valley,  where  the 
main  body  were  encamped  near  present  Horse  Heads. 

'8  CATHARINE'S  TovrN—She-0-gua-ga.—A.n.  Indian  village  located  on  the  high  ground  a 
little  south  of  the  present  village  of  Havana.  The  town  was  on  both  sides  of  the  inlet 
and  about  three  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake.  This  was  the  residence  of  the  famous 
Catharine  Montour,  by  many  writers  incorrectly  confounded  with  Madame  Montour, 
and  by  others  with  Queen  Esther,  of  Wyoming  notoriety. 

MADAME  MONTOUR,  a  noted  personage  in  the  Colonial  history  of  Pennsylvania,  resid- 
ed at  one  time  at  the  present  site  of  Montoursville,  in  Pennsylvania,  on,  the  west  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna,  afterwards  on  an  island  near  Shamokin  ;  and  about  1749,  when. very 
aged  and  blind,  removed  to  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Erie,  where  she  probably  died  previous 
to  1752.  She  had  several  sons  and  one  daughter,  all  distinguished  characters  in  Penn- 
sylvania annals. 

QUEEN  ESTHER,  notorious  as  the  "fiend  of  Wyoming,"  "  who  followed  in  the  train  of 
the  victorious  army,  ransacking  the  heaps  of  slain,  and  with  arms  covered  with  gore  bar- 
barously murdering  the  wounded  who  in  vain  supplicated  for  their  lives."  She  was  liv- 
ing at  Sheshequin  six  miles  below  Tioga  point  in  1772,  and  removed  about  that  date  six 
miles  north,  and  founded  a  new  town,  afterward  known  as  Queen  Esther's  town  ;  this 
was  afterward  destroyed  by  Col.  Hartley  in  1778,  when  she  probably  removed  to  Che- 
mung.  She  had  a  sister  Mary,  and  one  son,  who  lost  his  life  a  short  time  previous  to  the 
massacre  of  Wyoming,  which  was  probably  the  exciting  cause  of  her  fury  at  that  place. 
She  afterward  settled  on  the  point  south  of  Union  Springs,  in  Cayuga  County,  and  died 
there  of  old  age. 

CATHARINE  MONTOUR  was  young  enough  to  be  the  grand  daughter  of  Madame  Montour. 
At  the  time  of  Sullivan's  campaign  and  for  some  years  previous  she  had  resided  at  her 
village  near  present  Havana.  She  had  two  sons,  Roland  and  John,  and  a  daughter  Belle. 
Her  sons  were  conspicuous  characters  at  Cherry 'Valley,  Wyoming  and  in  Sullivan's 
campaign,  where  John  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Newtown.  Roland  married  the 
daughter  of  Siangorochti,  the  chief  sachem  of  the  Senecas;  both  sons  were  known  as  cap- 
tains in  the  many  Indian  raids  against  the  border  settlements.  Catharine's  reputed  hus- 
band was  Edward  Pollard,  a  sutler  at  Fort  Niagara,  who  was  also  the  father  of  the  fa- 
mous Seneca  warrior,  Captain  Pollard,  by  another  Indian  wife.  There  was  at  this 
time  another  Capt.  John  Montour  near  Fort  Pitt,  who  accompanied  Colonel  Brodhead 
in  his  expedition  up  the  Allegany,  who  was  loyal  to  the  American  cause  throughout  the 
war.  In  this  expedition  of  Col.  Brodhead,  the  husband  of  Belle  Montour  was  killed. 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  47 

Thursday,  2d. — Laid  .still.  Our  line  of  march  being  con- 
fused by  the  badness  of  the  road  the  day  before. 

Friday,  Sept.  3d. — The  signal  gun  fired  at  7  o'clock,  the . 
army  marched  off  at  8  o'clock,  marched  about  twelve  miles 
and  encamped  in  the  wood  on  the  east  side  of  the  Seneca 
Lake.7"     The  land  good  and  well  timbered. 

Saturday,  ye  4th  Sept. — The  Gren'l  beat  at  9  o'clock  in 
the  morning.  The  army  marched  at  10  o'clock,  marched  4 
miles  and  halted.80 

Sunday  ye  oth.— The  Gren'l  beat  at  half  past  9  o'clock,  the 
armv  marched  at  10  o'clock  and  encamped  in  a  town  called 
Candaya,*1  or  Appletown. 

Monday,  Sept,  6th. — At  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  left 
Appletown  and  marched  about  three  miles  and  encamped  in 
the  wood.82 

79  PEACH  ORCHARD,  a  small  Indian  town,  was  destroyed  here,  August  3d,  on  the  point, 
called  Apple-tree  town  in  Nukerck's  Journal.  Jenkins  says  "  the  army  encamped  about  4 
in  the  afternoon  near  a  small  Indian  settlement,"  &c.  <. 

so  CONDAWHAW.— An  Indian  town  occupied  in  1779,  located  on  the  east  side  of  Seneca 
Lake  on  the  present  site  of  North  Hector,  was  so  called  in  1778  by  Lnke  Swetland,  who 
passed  through  it  while  on  his  way  to  Kendaia.  It  was  burned  by  the  army  Sept.  4, 
1779.  It  is  called  Apple  Town  in  William  Barton's'journal. 

"!  KENDAIA,  a  town  containing  about  twenty  houses,  located  on  lot  79  Romulus,  on 
the  east  side  of  Seneca  lake,  on  land  now  owned  by  Edward  Van  Vliet.  It  was  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  lake,  on  both  sides  of  a  small  stream.  Luke  Swetland  resided  here 
for  a  year  as  a  prisoner,  until  rescued  by  the  army.  Several  journals  give  interesting  ac- 
counts of  this  town,  and  especially  of  the  Indian  tombs,  which  appear  to  have  been  ar- 
ranged with  more  than  ordinary  care.  It  was  the  custom  on  the  death  of  distinguished 
personages  to  paint  on  their  monumental  posts  a  record  of  important  events  relating  to 
the  history  of  the  deceased  person.  The  fact  that  these  tombs  were  different  in  con- 
struction and  style  of  ornamentation  from  others,  suggests  the  idea  that  they  were  a 
remnant* of  some  subjugated  tribe,  differing  in  mode  of  burial  from  the  Iroquois.  A 
noted  Seneca  warrior  named  Kendaia  was  conspicuous  at  the  siege  of  Ft.  Niagara  in 
1759. 

M  LIEUT.  HARDENBERGH  mentions  the  fact  of  being  "  drafted  on  the  right  flank,  which 
was  commanded  by  Col.  Dubois."  He  was  probably  one  of  the  one  hundred  men  draft- 
ed from  the  line,  as  part  of  the  right  flanking  division,  and  consequently  -would  be  on 
the  extreme  right  of  the  army  while  en  route.  The  centre  line  of  the  army  was  the  reg- 
ular Indian  trail,  which  was  opened  to  a  sufficient  width  for  the  passage  of  the  artillery. 
Along  Seneca  Lake,  the  present  lake  road  follows  substantially  on  the  line  of  the  trail. 

At  this  point,  Beatty  says  "  we  encamped  close  along  the  edge  of  the  lake,  and  oppo- 
site to  us  on  the  west  side  or  the  lake,  we  could  perceive  a  small  Indian  town."  See 
note  84,  Gothseungquean. 


48  HARDENBEBGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Tuesday  ye  7th. — At  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  struck  tents, 
marched  oft'  and  crossed  the  outlet  of  the  Ceneca  Lake,  where 
we  expected  to  meet  some  opposition,  but  the  enemy  had 
left  the  town.  We  entered  it,  found  a  white  child83  in  the 
town,  supposed  to  be  about  4  years  old,  it  was  supposed 
they  had  taken  away  from  the  frontiers,  where  they  had  de- 
stroyed and  burnt.  The  Ceneca  Lake  is  supposed  to  be  thir- 
ty-six miles  in  length  from  south  to  north.  The  land  along 
the  east  side  appears  to  be  a  rich  soil  and  well  timbered.  At 
the  north  end  is  the  outlet  which  is  a  continual  stream  and 
considerable  large.  About  three  miles  and  a  half  from  the 
outlet  is  the  town  Cannadasago  or  Ceneca  Castle/4 

Wednesday  ye  8th  Sept. — Laid  still  at  Cannadasago. 

Thursday  ye  9th. — Marched  from  Cannadasago  about  8 
miles  and  encamped  in  the  wood/' 

Friday  10th. — At  7  o'clock  marched  off  about  7  miles  and 
crossed  the  outlet  of  a  small  lake,  a-  few  miles  from  which 
stood  a  Town  called  Canandagui,86  about  1 5  J- miles  from  Cen- 


$3  This  child  was  tenderly  cared  for,  adopted  by  Capt.  Machin,  an  officer  in  the  artil- 
lery, and  christened  Thomas  Machin.  After  the  return  of  the  army  it  was  placed  in  a 
family  near  Kingston,  N.  Y.,  where  it  died  some  two  years  after  of  small  pox.  No  clue 
was  ever  obtained  as  to  its  parentage. 

84  KANADASEAGA.  the  grand  Tillage,  so  called  from  being  the  residence  of  the  chief 
sachem  of  the  Senecas,  located  one  and  a  half  miles  north-west  of  present  village  of 
Geneva  on  both  sides  of  Kanadaseaga  Creek.    This  was  the  capital  of  the  Seneca  nation 
and  contained  about  sixty  well  built  houses.    A  stockade  fort  was  built  here  in  175(3  by 
Sir  William  Johnson,  the  remains  of  which  were  in  existence  in   1779     Rev.  Samuel 
Kirkland  wan  a  missionary  here  in  1764-6.    Was  destroyed  Sept.  9. 

BUTLER'S  BUILDINGS.— A  small  village  called  Butler's  Buildings  was  found  on  the 
shore  of  the  lake,  near  present  canal  bridge,  in  the  village  of  Geneva. 

GOTHSEUNGQUEAN,  also  called  Shenanicaya  and  many  other  dialectical  variations, 
an  important  town,  was  also  destroyed  Sept.  8,  by  a  detachment  of  riflemen  under  Major 
Parr.  The  name  is  perpetuated  in  Kershong  creek,  on  which  it  was  situated,  on  Seneca 
lake,  seven  miles  south  of  Geneva.  It  contained  twenty  houses. 

85  From  Kanadaseaga  the  route  was  first  south  west  for  about  two  miles  to  the  line  of 
the  present  turnpike,  and  thence  nearly  due  west  along  the  line  of  the  turnpike  to  Can- 
andaigua  lake.    Beatty  mentions  an  ancient  stockade  fort  between  Kanadaseaira  and 
Canandaigua.    This  was  on  Flint  creek  on  lot  92  in  N.  W.  corner  of  the  town  of  Seneca. 
The  encampment  was  on  Flint  creek. 

*6  KANANDAIGUA,  an  Indian  town  of  twenty-three  large  houses  mostly  framed,  located 
about  a  mile  from  the  lake  shore,  in  west  part  of  present  village  of  Canandaigua.  The 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  49 

eca   Castle,  which  we  entered,  and  encamped  at  3  o'clock, 
about  a  mile  north  of  the  town  in  a  large  cornfield. 

Saturday  ye  llth  Sept. — Struck  our  tents  at  9  o'clock  and 
marched  about  9  miles  through  an  open  country,  halted  at 
11  o'clock  for  refreshment,  moved  at  one  o'clock,  and  arrived 
at  a  small  town  called  Honyuga.*7  At  this  town  we  left  a 
small  garrison  of  one  Capt.,  one  Lieut,  and  fifty  men,  exclu- 
sive of  invalids,  with  some  flour,  horses  and  cattle. 

Sunday  12th. — Left  Haunyuga  at  12  o'clock,  marched 
about  11  miles  and  encamped  in  the  wood.88 

Monday,  13th. — At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  marched 
about  two  miles  to  a  small  town  called  Adjutoa,89  from  this 


corn  Held*,  which  were  very  extensive,  were  located  on  the  ridge  north  of  the  town. 
The  usual  variety  and  quantity  of  fruit  trees  were  found  here,  all  of  which  were  de- 
stroyed. From  Kanandaigua  the  route  of  the  army  was  nearly  south  west,  substantially 
on  the  line  of  the  present  road  through  Bristol  to  the  foot  of  Honeoye  Lake,  a  distance 
of  sixteen  miles,  to  the  next  village  of  Hanneyaye. 

*'•  HANNEYAYE,  an  Indian  town  occupied  in  1779,  located  at  the  foot  of  Honeoye  lake, 
about  half  a  mile  east  of  the  outlet,  and  south  of  Mill  creek.  It  contained  about  twenty 
houses,  one  of  which  was  occupied  as  a  fort  under  command  of  Capt.  dimming*  of  the 
2nd  N.  J.  regiment.  Beatty  gives  the  following  description  of  the  work  which  he  says 
was  occupied  by  three  hundred  men  in  all  :  "They  was  encamped  round  the  house 
where  we  had  left  our  stores,  and  the  camp  was  abbateed  in,  and  round  the  house  they 
had  made  a  small  Fort  of  kegs,  and  bags  of  flour,  and  had  three  pieces  of  artillery  in  it, 
and  the  house  they  had  made  full  of  loop  holes,  so  as  to  fight  out  of  it  in  case  of  necessi- 
ty, and  upon  the  whole  I  think  they  was  very  safe." 

->  On  leaving  Hanneyaye  the  army  forded  the  outlet  near  the  lake,  and  taking  a  west 
course,  nearly  on  the  line  of  the  present  east  and  west  road  leading  west  from  present 
village  of  Honeoye,  to  the  summit  of  the  dividing  ridge,  and  thence  in  a  south  west 
course,  crossing  the  outlet  of  Hemlock  lake  at  its  foot,  and  continuing  over  the  hill  on 
same  course  to  present  Foot's  corners,  in  the  town  of  Conesus,  where  the  army  en- 
camped on  level  ground  two  miles  north  of  the  Indian  town  Adjutoa  or  Kanaghsaws. 

8fl  KANAGHSAWS,  or  Adjutoa  according  to  some  Journals,  an  Indian  town  of  18  houses, 
located  about  a  mile  north  west  of  Conesus  Centre,  on  the  north  and  south  road 
that  passes  through  the  McMillen  farm.  Between  the  town  and  the  lake  on  Hen- 
derson's flats  were  the  cornfields.  The  village  appears  to  "have  occupied  the  grounds 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  McMillen  residence,  and  extended  north  across  the  creek, 
and  southward  to  the  plateau  now  covered  by  an  orchard  which  was  probably  an 
ancient  palisaded  site  of  the  town.  The  main  body  of  the  army  encamped  on  the 
night  of  the  12th  nearly  two  miles  north  on  the  flats,  south-west  of  Foot's  corners. 
A  local  tradition  exists  that  Hand  with  the  light  troops  followed  the  road  through 
Union  Corners  and  encamped  on  the  L.  B.  Richardson  farm,  south  west  of  Cone- 
sus (\-ntre  at  the  False  Faces,  but  nothing  of  the  kind  is  found  in  any  of  the  jour- 


50  HARDEXBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

place  the  Gen'l  sent  out  a  scout  of  one  Sub.  and  19  men  to 
reconnoitre  a  town  that  was  in  front.  On  his  return  he  was 
attacked  by  about  100  Indians  and  were  all  killed  but  2 
men  who  had  the  good  fortune  to  make  their  escape.9"  The 

nals,  and  is  probably  incorrect.  George  Grant  says  a  fine  stream  of  water  ran  through 
the  town,  and  that  "Captain  Sunfish,  a  negro,  resided  here,  a  very  bold,  enterprising 
fellow,  who  commanded  the  town."  Several  Journals  mention  the  fact  that  Big  Tree,  a 
noted  Indian  warrior,  also  made  this  his  home.  President  Dwight  describes  him  as  a 
man  of  lofty  character  and  dignified  deportment,  and  that  he  had  strenuously  urged  his 
countrymen  to  observe  strict  neutrality,  but  without  success.  The  chieftain  stood  on  an 
elevated  spot  and  saw  his  own  possessions  destroyed.  "You  see  how  the  Americans 
treat  their  friends,"  said  some  of  those  around  him,  favorable  to  Great  Britain.  "  What 
I  see,"  calmly  replied  the  chief,  "  is  only  the  common  fortune  of  war.  It  cannot  be  sup- 
posed that  the  Americans  can  distinguish  my  property  from  yours,  who  are  their  ene- 
mies.1' The  army  was  engaged  until  near  noon  in  destroying  the  crops  and  re-building 
the  bridge  which  had  been  destroyed  by  the  enemy. 

90  GROVELAND  AMBUSCADE. — This,  one  of  the  most  important  matters  connected  with 
Sullivan's  campaign,  has,  for  a  hundred  years,  rema'ned  a  stumbling  block  and  mystery 
to  historians.  This  has  arisen  in  part  from  erroneous  views  as  to  the  location  of  Gath- 
tsegwarohare  and  the  trails,  but  mainly  from  the  mistaken  idea  that  Boyd's  party  was 
the  force  against  which  the  efforts  of  the  enemy  were  originally  directed,  rather  than 
that  it  was  a  formidable  attempt  to  ambuscade  the  main  army. 

From  Kanaghsaws  the  trail  led  south  westerly  across  the  low  grounds  fo'lowing  the 
line  of  tne  present  road  near  the  inlet,  and  crossing  it  at.  or  very  near  the  site  of  the 
present  bridge,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  head  of  the  lake.  North  of  the 
bridge,  the  banks  of  the  inlet  are  low  and  marshy,  in  many  places  impassable  for  infan- 
try, and  at  all  points  impassable  for  artillery  and  pack  horses ;  while  south  of  the 
bridge,  is  a  wet  swamp  almost  impentra^le  from  the  thick  growth  of  underbrush, 
west  of  the  lake  and  inlet  is  a  steep  hill-side,  the  face  of  which,  cut  up  by  numerous 
ravines,  is  so  steep  that  with  considerable  difficulty  an  army  could  march  directly  up  it. 
The  trail  after  leaving  the  bridge  probably  continued  south  westerly  up  the  hill  oblique- 
ly, nearly  on  the  line  of  the  present  highway  to  the  summit  of  the  bluff ,  and  thence 
turning  northwest  followed  along  the  heads  of  the  ravines  for  a  mile  and  thence  direct- 
ly west  to  Gathtsegwarohare.  Directly  west  of  the  bridge,  between  two  very  deep  ra- 
vines, is  a  space  nearly  half  a  mile  in  width,  which  continues  up  the  hill  on  very  favor- 
able ground  for  the  advance  of  the  army.  It  appears  to  be  the  only  point  where  it 
could  advance  in  the  order  of  march  laid  down,  which  would  require  a  space  of  nearly 
a  half  a  mile  in  width  for  the  several  columns. 

After  the  battle  of  Newtown,  Butler  and  Brant  with  their  demoralized  forces,  sullenly 
retired,  powerless  to  prevent  the  advance  of  the  devastating  army.  Butler  had  reached 
the  last  Indian  village  of  Canawaugas,  located  on  the  west  side  of  the  Genesee,  twelve 
miles  north  of  the  Great  Genesee  Castle.  Here  he  received  re-inforcements  of  regulars 
from  Niagara,  and  determined  to  make  one  more  effort  against  the  invaders.  Gather- 
ing all  his  available  forces  of  regulars,  tories,  and  Indians,  he  left  Canawaugas  on  the 
morning  of  the  12th  of  September,  and  probably  reached  the  position  on  the  hill  west  of 
Kanaghsaws,  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day.  Here  they  posted  themselves  north  of  the 
trail,  at  the  heads  of  the  ravines  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  west  of  the  bridge,  and  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  Kanaghsaws.  This  was  a  most  admirable  position  for  an  ambus- 


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HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  51 

army  remained  in  town  till  about  12  o'clock.     Some  were 


cade,  arid  in  many  essential  particulars  of  topography  and  fact,  bears  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  the  fatal  ground  where  Braddock  so  ingloriously  sacrificed  his  army ;  and 
had  Sullivan  advanced  in  the  same  blundering  manner,  he  too,  might  have  met  with  an 
equally  disastrous  defeat.  The  plan  appears  to  have  been,  to  attack  a  portion  of  the 
army  after  it  had  crossed  the  bridge,  or  to  ambuscade  the  head  of  the  column  while  as. 
cending  the  hill ;  but  whatever  may  have  been  the  original  design,  it  was  completely 
frustrated  by  the  fortunate  movements  of  the  unfortunate  Boyd.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  the  army  went  into  camp  on  the  flats  near  Foot's  Corners  two  miles  north  of 
the  village  of  Kanaghsaws.  Boyd  and  his  party  left  camp  at  11  o'clock  at  night, 
passed  through  the  abandoned  Kanaghsaws,  and  from  thence  pursued  the  direct  trail 
which  led  south  westerly  up  the  hill  to  Gathtsegwarohare.  In  the  darkness  of  the 
night,  he  passed  Butler's  right  flank,  neither  party  being  conscious  of  the  presence  of 
the  other,  and  reached  Gathtsegwarohare,  which  the  inhabitants  had  abandoned  early 
in  the  morning,  without  encountering  any  difficulty.  On  the  morning  of  the  13th  Sulli- 
van advanced  to  Kanaghsaws,  and  finding  that  the  enemy  had  destroyed  the  bridge  over 
the  inlet,  he  detailed  a  portion  of  the  army  to  aid  the  pioneers  in  its  re- construction, 
and  to  repair  the  roadway  over  the  low  grounds  leading  to  it.  All  of  this  was  directly 
under  the  eye  of  Butler,  who,  according  to  a  British  account,  "  lay  undiscovered  though 
only  a  musket  shot  from  the  rebels,  and  even  within  sight."  On  reaching  the  town 
Boyd  halted  his  forces  at  the  suburbs,  himself  and  one  of  his  men  reconnoitered  the 
the  place,  then  rejoined  the  party  and  concealed  themselves  in  the  woods  near  the  town. 
He  sent  back  two  of  his  men  to  report  to  General  Sullivan,  and  awaited  the  light  of  the 
day  whose  morning  was  just  breaking.  These  two  men  got  through  safely  and  re- 
ported. About  daybreak  four  Indians  were  seen  to  enter  the  town  by  Boyd,  one  of 
whom  was  killed,  another  wounded,  the  rest  escaped.  Boyd  then  immediately  set  out 
to  return,  expecting  to  meet  the  army  on  the  march,  and  when  about  half  way,  de- 
spatched two  more  men  to  inform  the  general  of  his  intention  to  remain  "on  the  path" 
and  await  the  coming  of  the  army.  These  men  soon  encountered  five  Indians,  and  re- 
turned ;  the  entire  party  then  resumed  the  march,  following  and  firing  on  the  retreat- 
ing Indians,  who  lured  them  directly  into  the  lines  of  the  enemy.  Colonel  Butler  hear- 
ing the  firing  on  his  right  and  rear  imagined  he  was  discovered,  and  that  instead  of  am- 
buscading the  rebels,  he  was  himself  to  be  surprised  by  this  unexpected  attack  in  the 
rear.  Xo  evidence  whatever  nas  appeared  to  confirm  the  conjecture,  that  Boyd's  pres- 
ence was  either  known  or  suspected  in  that  quarter,  by  Butler,  or  ar  y  portion  of  his 
force,  until  discovered  by  the  five  retreating  Indians,  and  to  them,  only  by  accident ; 
but  when  discovered  with  true  aboriginal  cunning  they  allured  their  unsuspecting  vic- 
tims to  the  fatal  embrace  of  the  enemy,  who-came  there  to  surprise  an  army,  but  were 
prevented  by  the  blundering  of  a  scout. 

A  few  of  Boyd's  party  who  were  acting  as  flankers  escaped,  five  or  six  fell  near  the 
trail  and  were  found  when  the  army  advanced,  the  remainder  retreated  a  short  distance 
north  to  a  clump  of  trees,  where  their  bodies  were  found  all  near  together,  and  where 
all  the  bodies  were  buried  on  the  return  march  of  the  army  on  the  16th.  During  the  con- 
struction of  the  bridge  a  guard  had  been  established  west  of  the  inlet,  and  Captain  Lodge 
with  his  party  engaged  in  making  their  surveys,  had  advanced  some  distance  up  the  hill ; 
the  bridge  was  about  completed  when  the  fugitive  flankers  came  rushing  down  the  hill 
pursued  by  small  parties  of  the  enemy.  Hand's  brigade  immediately  advanced  up  the 
hill  to  the  position  occupied  by  the  enemy  in  the  morning,  where  he  found  the  packs  of 
the  enemy  in  the  position  they  had  left  a  few  minutes  previous.  He  remained  here  in 
line  of  battle  until  the  army  had  crossed,  and  formed  for  the  advance  up  the  hill. 


52  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

employed  in  destroying  corn  and  some  in  building  a  bridge 
(across  a  mirey  swamp  and  creek)  for  the  artillery  to  pass. 
While  we  were  so  employed  the  surveyor91  had  advanced  a 
little  in  front  of  the  advanced  guard,  was  fired  upon  by  the 
Indians  and  had  one  of  his  party  wounded. 9i  At  12  o'clock 
we  left  the  town,  and  arrived  at  a  town  -called  Cassawau- 
loughly93  7  miles  from  Adjutoa,  which  we  entered  at  sun- 
set.94 

"I  Capt.  Benjamin  Lodge,  with  a  party  of  assistants  accompanied  the  army  and  with 
chain  and  compass  surveyed  the  entire  route  of  the  army  from  Easton  to  the  great  Gen- 
esee  town.  On  the  return  march  he  accompanied  Col.  Butler's  expedition  through  the 
Cayuga  country. 

92  CORPORAL  CALHAWN,  a  volunteer,  died  the  next  day. 

93  GATHTSEGWAROIIARE,  so  called  by  Nukerck  ;  Gaghegivalahale  by  Dearborn  ;  Cas- 
saivauloughly  by  Hardenburgh,  was  seven  miles  directly  west  of  Kanaghsaws,  on  the 
east  side  of  Canaseraga  creek  about  two  miles  above  its  confluence  with  the  Genesee 
river.    Here  is  a  beautiful  plateau  of  about  six  acres,  admirably  adapted  for  an  Indian 
town,  at  present  occupied  by  the  house  and  surrounding  grounds  of  the  widely  known 
"Hermitage,"  the  ancestral  home  of  the  Carolls.    The  town  contained  twenty-five 
houses,  mostly  new,  and  appears  to  have  been  located  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  north 
of  the  Caroll  mansion.    The  tribe  residing  here  called  Sqna-tche-gas  by  Sullivan  ;  by 
the  Onondagas  Tchoueragak,  signifying  wild  cats  ;  by  Cusic  Squakihows,  and  by  others 
Kah-kwas,  were  the  same  that  afterward  settled  at  Squakie-Hill,  to  whom  was  reserved 
the  two  square  miles  in  the  Big  Tree  Treaty  of  1797.  They  were  a  remnant  of  one  of  the 
tribes  of  the  historic  Eries,  who  occupied  the  territory  to  the  south  and  east  of  Lake  Erie 
whose  blood,  language,  and  league  did  not  differ  materially  from  the  Iroquois  Five  Na- 
tions. After  a  terrible  conflict,  and  many  bloody  battles  the  Eries  were  finally  overthrown 
about  the  year  1655,  and  a  remnant  incorporated  with  the  league.    They  were  permitted 
to  live  by  themselves,  to  have  a  separate  council  fire  and  keep  up  a  show  of  tribal  rites, 
but  were  really  vassals  to  do  the  bidding  of  their  masters.    Poyd  and  his  party  reached 
this  town  about  at  the  break  of  day  on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  and  found  it  abandoned. 
He  sent  two  of  his  men  to  report  to  Gen.  Sullivan  and  concealed  his  force  in  the  adja- 
cent woods.    Soon  after  four  Indians  on  horseback  entered  the  town,  one  of  whom, 
Sah-nah-dah-yah,  was  killed  and  scalped  by  Murphy,  when  Boyd  set  out  for  camp.    As 
Sullivan  approached  the  town  about  dark  on  the  13th,  he  found  the  enemy,  both  Indians 
and  rangers  drawn  up  in  battle  array  apparently  intending  to  dispute  the  further  ad  • 
vance  of  the  army  ;  but  as  the  advancing  columns  assumed  their  positions  in  line  of 
battle,  and  the  flanking  divisions  moved  to  the  right  and  left,  threatening  their  lines  of 
retreat,  a  few  shots  from  the  howitzers  caused  them  to  abandon  their  position,  and  re- 
treat across  the  Canaseraga.    The  army  were  engaged  until  noon  of  the  14th  in  des- 
troying the  cornfields  which  were  very  extensive  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town. 

94  CHENUSSIO.—  This  town,  though  not  in  existence  at  the  time  of  Sullivan's  cam- 
paign, is  intimately  connected  with  its  history.    It  was  located  on  the  site  of  ancient 
Williamsburg,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Canaseraga  and  the  Genesee,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  latter  river.    It  appears  on  the  Guy  Johnson  map  of  1771  as  Chenussio,  on  the 
Pouchot  map  of  1758  as  Connecchio,  in  both  cases  at  the  point  described  and  where 


HARDEXBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  53 

Tuesday,  14th  Sept. — At  one  o'clock  left  the  town  crossed 
the  Chenesee  flats  and  forded  the  River  which  was  about  four 
feet  deep  and  about  thirty  yards  wide  and  arrived  at  the  cap- 
ital town  of  the  Chinisees,  called  the  Chinisee  Castle.95  We 
entered  the  town  about  6  o'clock,  found  Lieut.  Boyd  and 
one  soldier96  whom  they  had  murdered  in  an  inhuman  man- 
ner. Said  Boyd  was  one  of  the  party  that  was  sent  to  recon- 
noitre a  town  as  is  mentioned  before.  The  Chinisee  Castle 
consisted  of  about  one  hundred  commodius  dwelling  houses 
compactly  built  and  pleasantly  situated. 

Wednesday,    15th    Sept. — The  whole  army97  (except  the 


Mary  Jennison's  narrative  says  it  was  in  her  day.  In  1750  it  was  visited  by  Caminer- 
hoff  and  Zeisberger,  two  Moravian  missionaries,  who  called  it  Connesschioand  describe 
it  as  then  containing  forty  houses.  All  of  these  names  are  dialectical  and  orthographical 
variations  of  the  modern  word  Genesee,  signifying  the  beautiful  valley.  Gaustarax,  a 
celebrated  Seneca  Chief,  was  for  many  years  a  leading  spirit  of  this  town,  and  during 
the  French  an  Indian  war,  being  thoroughly  in  the  interests  of  the  French,  it  required 
all  the  diplomatic  ability  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  and  the  influence  of  the  other  nations 
of  the  league,  to  neutralize  his  efforts.  It  was  in  existence  as  early  as  1750,  and  as  late 
as  1770,  but  in  1768  it  had  ceased  to  be  the  western  door,  which  honor  was  then  held  by 
the  great  town  of  Chenandoanes,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river.  At  the  time  of  Sulli- 
van's campaign  it  had  ceased  to  exist  or  had  dwindled  into  an  insignificance  unworthy 
of  mention. 

This  was  the  town  that  Boyd  was  sent  to  reconnoitre,  and  which  Major  Norris  says  the 
General  expected  to  find  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  and  two  miles  north  of  Gathtse- 
gwarohare.  This  is  the  town  also,  that  writers  confound  with  the  great  town  west  of 
the  river,  and  which  so  perplexed  General  Sullivan  in  his  examination  of  the  maps. 

^5  GENESEE  CASTLE. — This  was  the  great  village  of  the  Senecas,  the  western  door  of 
the  Long  House,  located  between  Cuylerville  and  the  west  bank  of  the  Genesee  river,  in 
the  town  of  Leicester,  Livingston  County.  It  appears  on  Evans'  map  as  Chenandoanes 
in  1776,  is  mentioned  as  early  as  1754  as  Chenandanah,  and  is  often  called  Little  Beard's 
town.  Sullivan's  official  report  says  :  "  The  Castle  consisted  of  128  houses  mostly  large 
and  elegant.  The  place  was  beautifully  situated,  almost  encircled  with  a  cleared  flat, 
v,  Inch  extended  for  a  number  of  miles,  where  the  most  extensive  fields  of  corn  were 
waving,  and  every  kind  of  vegetable  that  can  be  conceived." 

\«\  This  soldier  was  named  Parker,  who  with  Lieut.  Boyd  were  made  prisoners.  They 
were  carried  to  Little  Beard's  Town,  where  Boyd  after  being  tortured  in  a  most  cruel 
manner  was  beheaded.  Parker  was  beheaded  without  being  tortured.  The  remains  of 
Boyd  and  Parker  were  removed  to  Mount  Hope  Cemetery  in  August,  1842. 

HT  Several  writers  claim  that  Canawaugas,  on  the  west  side,  and  Ohadi  and  Big  Tree 
on  the  east  side  of  Genesee  river  were  destroj'ed  in  this  campaign.  No  reliable  author- 
ity has  been  furnished  in  support  of  the  theory.  Sullivan  says  distinctly  that  he  went 
no  farther  than  the  great  town,  beyond  which,  as  he  was  informed,  there  was  no  settle- 
ment, and  no  villages  are  mentioned  in  any  account  as  existing  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river,  nor  is  mention  made  of  any  portion  of  the  army  being  on  that  side, — on  the  con- 


54  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

guards  to  which  I  belonged)  were  employed  in  destroying 
corn  from  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  two  in  the  afternoon. 
In  the  meantime  a  white  woman98  with  a  small  child  came 
to  us  who  had  been  taken  prisoner  at  Weyoming.  At  about 
3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  we  set  the  town  on  fire,  marched 
off,  re-crossed  the  Eiver  and  encamped  after  sunset  on  the 
Chinicee  flats. 

Thursday,  16th  Sept. — Decamped  at  11  o'clock,  marched 
six  miles  and  encamped  at  the  town  of  Adj  utoa  at  half  past 
five  P.  M. 

Friday  17th. — Decamped  at  6  o'clock,  marched  off  and 
arrived  at  the  town  of  Haunyuga  at  one  o'clock  p.  M. 

Saturday,  18th  Sept. — At  5  o'clock  in  the  morning 
marched,  at  7  o'clock  crossed  the  outlet  of  a  Lake  at  Can- 
nandagui,"  and  encamped  at  sunset  on  the  east  side  of  the 
outlet. 

Sunday  19. — At  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning  struck  tents, 
marched  at  8  o'clock  and  arrived  at  sunset  at  Canada- 
sago.100 

Monday,  20th  Sept — At  two  P.  M.  struck  tents,  marched 
off  at  3  o'clock  from  Canadasago,  crossed  the  outlet  of  Cene- 

trary,  several  mention  the  fact,  that  all  the  army  were  engaged  in  the  destruction  of  the 
town,  and  cornfields,  which,  when  completed  at  2  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  15th. 
the  wJiole  at  my  came  to  an  about  face,  and  returned  on  the  same  route  and  in  same  or- 
der in  which  they  advanced.  Butler  left  Canawaugas  on  the  morning  of  the  15th  for 
Niagara. 

98  Nathan  Davis  in  his  account,  before  referred  to,  mentions  the  incident  with  addi- 
tional particulars.    Her  story  was  that  at  the  time  she  and  her  little  boy  were  taken 
prisoners,  her  husband  was  killed  by  the  savages  ;  that  she  had  lived  with  the  Indians 
some  two  years,  and  when  the  army  entered  the  town,  the  day  before,  the  Indians  were 
in  such  haste  to  get  out  it  that  she  could  not  follow  them  and  finally  lost  herself  in  the 
woods,  and  thinking  it  might  be  Butler's  camp  she  had  ventured  to  show  herself.    She 
was  taken  to  the  General's  Quarters  and  well  provided  for.    During  the  march  the  wo- 
man and  her  boy  were  furnished  with  a  horse.    On  the  third  day  of  the  march  the  child 
was  taken  sick  and  shortly  after  died.    The  boy  was  wrapped  in  an  old  blanket  and 
hastily  buried.    The  scene  is  described  as  exceedingly  touching.     She  afterward  mar- 
ried Roswell  Franklin,  the  first  settler  of  Cayuga  County. 

99  Present  Canandaigua  Lake  in  Ontario  county,  see  note  86. 

100  gee  note  84  for  description  of  this  town. 


HARDEXBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  55 

ca  Lake  and  encamped  at  sunset  near  the  lake.101  Previous 
to  our  march  from  Canadasago  Col.  Butler  of  the  4th  Pen- 
sylvania  Regiment  was  sent  with  a  detachment  to  the  Kiy- 
ugalos  Lake  to  destroy  some  Indian  settlements  that  were 
there.  Col  Gansevort  sent  with  one  hundred  men  to  fort 
Stanwix1"3  in  order  to  send  down  some  baggage  which  was 
left  on  the  Mohawk  River  by  troops  that  had  been  stationed 
there  the  preceding  year. 

Tuesday,  28th. — Struck  tents  at  8  o'clock,  marched  at  9, 
left  Candaya104  or  Appletown  about  two  miles  in  the  rear, 
and  encamped  in  the  wood,  along  the  east  side  of  the  Cene- 
ca  Lake,  about  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

Wednesday  22d. — At  6  o'clock  the  Gen'l  beat;  marched 
at  8,  halted  at  one  o'clock,  about  one  hour  for  refreshments, 
and  encamped  at  sunset  along  the  east  side  Ceneca  Lake. 

Thursday,  23d  Sept.— Marched  at  8  o'clock,  left  French 
Catharine,  about  3  miles  in  the  rear,  and  encamped  at  sun- 
set.105 

Friday,  24th. — About  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  Gen'l 
beat,  marched  at  8  o'clock  and  arrived  at  the  forks  of  the 
Tiyuga  or  Newton.  At  this  place  there  was  a  post  estab- 
lished by  order  of  General  Sullivan,  and  provision  for  the 
army  at  their  return.106 

lui  This  encampment  was  on  Rose  Hill  in  the  town  of  Fayette. 

i"--'  Lieut.  Col.  William  Butler.  See  Thomas  Grant's  account  of  the  march  of  this  de- 
tachment. 

i°3  No  account  has  been  found  of  the  exact  route  taken  by  this  detachment.  It  is 
supposed  they  followed  the  regular  Indian  trail,  the  line  of  which  was  afterward  sub- 
stantially adopted  for  the  Seneca  Turnpike,  which  passed  through  Auburn  and  Onondaga 
Hill  to  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk,  on  the  site  of  present  Rome  in  Oneida  County. 
On  the.  way  the  party  passed  through  the  Oneida  and  Tuscarora  towns,  where  every 
mark  of  hospitality  and  friendship  WPS  shown  the  party.  They  reached  Fort  Stanwix 
on  the  25th. 

i"-»  KENDAIA.    See  note  No.  81  for  description  of  this  town. 

loo  "  We  lost  in  this  place  more  than  a  hundred  horses,  and  it  has  been  called,  I  sup- 
pose, the  valley  of  Horse  Heads  to  this  day."— Nathan  Davis'  Statement. 

i«»«  Durin2  the  absence  of  the  army  Col.  Reid  had  constructed  a  palisaded  work  at  the 
junction  of  Newtown  creek  and  the  Chemung  just  below  Sullivan's  Mills  in  Elmira, 
called  in  some  accounts  Fort  Reid. 


56  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Saturday,  25th  Sept. — Laid  still.  An  ox  and  5  gallons 
of  rum  was  given  to  the  officers  of  each  Brigade.107  A  fu- 
de-joy  was  held  in  consequence  of  the  arrival  of  the  news 
of  Spain  declaring  us  Independent108  with  13  rounds  of 
cannon  was  discharged,  followed  by  two  round  of  musketry 
interspersed  with  cannon.  The  evening  was  celebrated  in 
our  camp  with  much  joy  and  gladness.109 

Sunday  26th. — Laid  still. 

Monday,  27th  Sept. — A  detachment  under  the  command 
*  *  *  was  sent  out  and  returned  at  night.110 

Tuesday  28th. — A  detachment  under  the  command  of 
Col.  Cortlandt  was  sent  up  the  Tiyuga111  branch  on  purpose 
to  destroy  some  corn.  Col.  Butler  with  his  detachment 
joined  us.  The  invalids  were  sent  to  Tiyuga  in  boats. 

Wednesday,  29th  Sept.— The  Gen'l  beat  at  8  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  marched  at  9  o'clock  and  encamped  in  the  af- 
ternoon three  miles  below  Shemung. 

Thursday  30th. — At  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  marched 
off  and  arrived  at  Tiyuga  at  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  At 
our  arrival  we  were  saluted  with  a  discharge  of  13  cannon 
from  the  Garrison,  and  an  elegant  dinner  was  prepared  for 
the  officers. 

Friday,  Oct.  1,  1779.— Laid  still  at  Tiyuga.112 

Saturday  2d. — Laid  still.     Orders  were  given  to  load  the 

107  There  were  five  brigades. 

los  At  the  same  time  news  was  received  of  "  the  generous  proceedings  of  Congress  in 
augmenting  the  subsistence  of  the  officers  and  men." 

109  Thirteen  appropriate  toasts  were  drunk.    The  last  was  follows  :    "  May  the  ene- 
mies of  America  be  metamorphosed  into  pack  horses  and  sent  on  a  western  expedition 
against  the  Indians.11— Lossing's  Field  Book  Rev.,  /,  278,  note. 

110  "  Sept.  27.— A  large  fatigue  party  was  sent  up  the  river  nine  miles,  where  they 
loaded  nine  boats  with  corn  and  other  vegetables  and  brought  them  down.    This  even- 
ing Mr.  Lodge  and  five  men  from  Col.  Butler  cime  in  and  informed  us  that  the  Col. 
was  about  10  miles  from  camp.11— Jenkins'  Journal. 

in  Col.  VanCortlandt  says  he  went  above  Painted  Post. 
112  TIOGA  POINT,  below  present  Athens.    See  note  63. 


HARDENBERGH'S.  JOURNAL.  57 

boat  with  stores,  artillery,  &c.,  and  to  demolish  the  fort113  the 
next  day. 

Sunday,  ye  3d  Oct. — Agreeable  to  the  orders  of  the  pre- 
ceding day  the  boats  were  loaded,  the  fort  demolished  and 
every  thing  got  in  readiness  to  march  the  next  morning. 

Monday,  4th  Oct. — At  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  Gen'l 
beat,  struck  our  tents,  the  army  marched  at  nine  from  Tiy- 
uga.  The  boats  with  the  stores,  artillery  and  sick  set  off  at 
the  same  time,  and  encamped  at  evening  at  Wysaukin  creek. 

Tuesday,  the  5th  Oct. — The  main  part  of  the  army  em- 
barked on  board  the  boats,  the  best  were  mounted  on  horses, 
left  Wysaukin  about  7  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  arrived 
at  Vanderlips'114  farm,  and  stayed  at  night. 

Wednesday  ye  6th  Oct. — At  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  set 
off  and  arrived  at  sunset  at  Lechawauny115  about  10  miles 
from  Weyoming. 

Thursday,  7th  Oct. — At  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  left 
Lechawauny  and  arrived  at  Weyoming116  about  1  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon. 

Friday,  Oct.  ye  8th.— Laid  still. 

Saturday,  ye  9th. — Eemained  at  Weyoming,  but  received 
orders  to  march  at  6  o'clock  the  next  morning. 

Simday,  Oct.  10th. — At  6  o'clock  next  morning  were  or- 
dered to  march,  but  on  account  of  our  pack  horses  being 
strayed  we  did  not  march  till  2  o'clock  in  the  morning,  when 
we  left  Weyoming  and  arrived  at  Bullock's117  at  dark. 

113  FORT  SULLIVAN,  built  on  the  narrow  isthmus  between  the  two  rivers  in  present 
village  of  Athens.  See  note  70. 

m  VAN  DEB  LIPPES.    See  note  58. 

us  LACKAWANNA.  See  Note  55.  The  site  of  Coxton,  ten  miles  from  Wyoming  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  valley. 

n«5  WYOMING,  fort  and  village  on  the  east  side  of  the  Susquehanna  below  present 
Wilkesbarre.  See  note  44. 

ii"  BULLOCK'S,  deserted  house,  seven  miles  from  Wyoming  at  the  Great  Meadows,  and 
fifty-eight  miles  from  Easton,— called  also  Sullivan's  camp,  from  his  encamping  there 
June  23.  Nathan  Bullock  resided  here  at  the  time  of  the  Wyoming  massacre.  He  had 
two  sons,  Amos  and  Asa,  one  of  whom  was  a  lawyer,  both  killed  in  the  battle.  The 
father  was  captured  and  carried  to  Canada  in  1780. 


58  HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL. 

Monday,  lltli  Oct. — At  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  de- 
camped from  Bullock's  and  encamped  about  two  miles 
through  the  Shades  of  Death.118 

Tuesday,  12th  Oct. — At  7  in  the  morning  proceeded  on 
our  march.  The  after  part  of  the  day  rainy  and  windy 
weather,  we  arrived  at  White  Oak  Run119  at  evening  and  en- 
camped. 

Wednesday  13th. — Decamped  from  White  Oak  Kun  at 
8  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  arrived  at  Brinker's  Mills120  and 
encamped. 

Thursday  14th. — Decamped  from  Brinker's  Mills,  marched 
from  thence,  and  arrived  within  11  miles  from  Easton  and 
encamped121  on  the  side  of  the  road  in  a  wood. 

Friday,  15th  Oct. — Decamped  at  7  o'clock,  marched  for 
Easton122  and  arrived  there  about  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

Saturday  16th.— Laid  still. 

Sunday  17th. — Laid  still. 

Monday,  18th  Oct. — Capt.  Bevier  and  myself  set  out  from 
Easton  at  11  o'clock  for  Marbletown,123  traveled  about  twen- 
ty miles  and  put  up  at  the  Widow  Sweezer's. 

Tuesday,  19th  Oct. — At  half  past  7  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, traveled  about  27  miles  and  put  up  at  Gary's  Tavern. 

us  SHADES  OF  DEATH,  so  called  from  being  a  dense  forest.    Several  places  in  Penn- 
sylvania bore  the  same  name.    See  note  31. 
us  WHITE  OAK  RUN,  or  RUM  BRIDGE,  33  miles  from  Easton.    See  note  36. 

120  DRINKER'S  MILLS,  or  Sullivan's  Stores,  so  called  "  on  account  of  a  large  house 
built  here,  and  a  quantity  of  provisions  being  stored  therein  for  the  use  of  the  forces 
under  Major  General  Sullivan's  command." — Rogers'1  Journal.    Captain  Patterson  was 
in  command  ;  19  miles  from  Easton  in  present  town  of  Hamilton,  Monroe  county. 

121  Encamped  near  Heller's  Tavern  at  the  foot  of  Blue  Mountain,  at  present  Heller- 
ville  in  town  of  Plainfield,  Northampton  county,  12  miles  from  Easton.  • 

122  "  EASTON  consists  of  about  150  houses.    There  are  but  three  elegant  buildings  in 
it,  and  about  as  many  inhabitants  that  are  any  ways  agreeable.    Take  them  in  general 
they  are  a  very  inhospitable  sel — all  High  Dutch  and  Jews." — Shute's  Journal. 

123  MARBLETOWN,  a  town  in  Ulster  Co.,  N.  Y.,  west  of  the  Hudson.    They  appear  to 
have  taken  the  road  through  Warren  and  Sussex  counties,  N.  J. 


HARDENBERGH'S  JOURNAL.  59 

Wednesday  20tli.— At  7  o'clock  A.  M.,  left  Gary's,  dined 
at  Bard's  in  Warick,124  set  out  from  thence  and  put  up  at 
Brusters  Tavern  about  11  miles  from  New  Windsor.125 

Thursday,  21st. — Left  Bruster's  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing and  arrived  at  Newburgh,  at  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

Friday  2%nd. — Set  out  from  Newburgh  at  8  o'clock  in  the 
morning  and  arrived  at  the  Poltz126  and  staid  that  night. 

Saturday,  23d  Oct. — At  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  set 
out  and  arrived  home  the  same  night. 

From  the  23d  Oct.,  1779,  I  remained  home  till  the  9th  of 
Dec.,  when  I  set  out  to  join  the  Reg't,  which  I  did  on  the 
15th,  and  found  them  employed  in  building  huts  for  winter 
quarters,  about  3  miles  from  Morristown. 


124  WARWICK  on  Wawayanda  creek  in  south  west  part  of  Orange  county. 

125  NEW  WINDSOR  on  the  Hudson,  in  Orange  county. 

1*6  NEW  PALTZ,  a  post  village,  on  the  Wallkill  in  Ulster  County,  N.  Y. 


(The  Hardenbergh  Journal  here  closes.  The  Nukerck 
Journal  continues  the  history  of  the  regiment  for  the  year 
1780  and  until  the  five  regiments  were  consolidated  near  the 
close  of  that  year.) 


GENERAL    CLINTON'S    MARCH    DOWN 
THE  SUSQUEHANNA. 


GENERAL  JAMES  CLINTON  was  born  in  Orange  County, 
New  York,  August  9th,  1736.  He  was  third  son  of  Colonel 
Charles  Clinton,  brother  of  Governor  George  Clinton,  and 
father  of  Governor  DeWitt  Clinton,  of  New  York.  During 
the  French  and  English  war,  in  1756,  he  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  capture  of  Fort  Frontenac,  where  he  was  a  Cap- 
tain under  Bradstreet.  Seven  years  later  he  commanded  the 
regiments  raised  to  protect  the  frontiers  of  Orange  and  Ulster 
counties  against  Indian  incursions.  In  1775,  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  he  accompanied  the  chivalric  Montgomery  to 
Quebec.  He  was  appointed  a  brigadier,  August  9th,  1776, 
and  commanded  Fort  Clinton  when  it  was  attacked  in  Octo- 
ber, 1777,  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton ;  his  brother,  George  Clinton, 
at  same  time  being  in  command  of  Fort  Montgomery.  After  a 
gallant  defense  against  superior  numbers,  the  forts  were  carried 
by  storm,  Gen.  Clinton  being  the  last  man  to  leave  the  works. 
He  was  stationed  at  West  Point  during  the  greater  part  of 
1778.  In  1779  he  commanded  the  brigade  of  New  York 
troops  under  General  Sullivan.  With  a  force  of  1600  men 
he  ascended  the  Mohawk  to  Canajoharie,  and  thence  across 
to  Otsego  lake.  Here  he  collected  a  large  number  of  bat- 
teaux,  and  erecting  a  dam  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  raised  the 
water  several  feet.  By  tearing  away  the  dam,  an  artificial 
flood  was  made,  on  which  the  batteaux  floated  to  the  place  ,of 
meeting  at  Tioga,  the  army  marching  alongside  by  land. 
The  Journals  of  Lieut.  Van  Hovenbergh  and  Major  Beatty 
give  an  account  of  this  march. 


BEATTY'S  JOURNAL.  61 

MAJOR  ERKURIES  BEATTY. 

Major  Erkuries  Beatty,  was  born  October  9,  1759,  son  of 
Rev.  Charles  Beatty,  who  came  to  America  from  Ireland  in 
1729.  He  was  an  apprentice  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution,  and  served  with  the  Jersey 
troops;  was  at  Long  Island  Aug.  9,  1776,  under  General 
Sterling,  and  served  as  a  sergeant  at  White  Plains,  Oct.  28. 
He  was  commissioned  an  Ensign  in  the  4th  Penn.  regiment, 
with  rank  from  Jan.  3,  1777 ;  was  promoted  to  Lieutenant 
May  2,  and  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  Sept. 
llth  of  same  year.  He  was  badly  wounded  at  Germantown, 
but  rejoined  his  regiment  at  Valley  Forge  in  January,  1778. 
He  was  at  Monmouth  June  28  of  that  year,  and  shortly  af- 
ter accompanied  his  regiment  to  Schoharie,  N.  Y.  He  was 
with  Col.  Van  Schaick  in  his  expedition  against  the  Onon- 
dagas  in  June,  1779,  and  with  his  regiment  accompanied 
Gen.  Clinton  down  the  Susquehanna  to  participate  in  Sulli- 
van's campaign,  during  which  he  wrote  a  Journal  covering 
the  period  from  June  11  to  Oct.  22  of  that  year,  of  which 
the  following  is  a  part,  the  original  of  which  is  now  in  the 
archives  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  to  whose  cour- 
tesy we  are  indebted  for  permission  to  make  a  copy.  He 
was  at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  Oct.  19,  was  mustered 
out  of  service  Nov.  3,  1783,  and  died  at  Princeton,  N".  J., 
Feb.  23,  1823. 

PART  OF  BEATTY'S  JOURNAL,  1779. 

Monday,  Aug.  9. — Agreeable  to  yesterday's  order  the 
Gen'l  beat  at  6  o'clock,  the  troops  marched  about  8,  except- 
ing 3  Men  which  was  to  remain  in  each  boat  to  take  them 
down  the  River.  The  Infantry  march  in  front  which  I  now 
belong  to,  and  the  Remainder  of  Battalions  next,  marched 


62 

on  16  miles  within  5  miles  of  Yorkham's127  where  we  en- 
camped on  a  small  improvement  called  Burrows'128  farm 
where  there  was  a  great  many  Rattlesnakes  and  very  large, 
there  was  one  killed  with  15  rattles  on. 

Tuesday  10. — Eained  a  little  last  night  and  this  day  till 
10  o'clock — marched  off  the  ground  at  3  o'clock  and  went  5 
miles  to  Yorkham's  where  we  encamped,  the  men  in  the 
Boats  encamped  on  the  farm  which  lies  on  the  East  side  of 
the  River  and  the  Remainder  on  the  other  side  opposite, 
wrent  011  guard  to-night. 

Wednesday  11. — Marched  ofl;  this  morning  at  Sunrise  and 
proceeded  on  14  miles  down  the  River  where  we  encamped 
on  a  small  farm,  passed  several  farms  to-day  with  very  poor 
houses  on  them  and  some  none,  the  Riflemen  in  front  saw 
fresh  Indian  tracks  to-day  on  the  Path  and  found  a  *  *  * 
at  one  of  their  *  *  To-day  we  crossed  a  large  creek 
called  Otego,  arid  passed  several  Indian  encampments,  where 
they  had  encamped  when  they  were  going  to  destroy  Cherry 
Valley  or-  returning,  likewise  we  passed  one  of  their  encamp- 
ments yesterday,  we  encamped  to-night  at  Ogden's  farm  and 
very  bad  encamping  ground. 

Thursday  12. — Marched  off  this  morning  7  o'clock,  had 
the  advanced  Guard  to-day,  proceeded  down  the  West  side 
of  the  River  as  usual,  12  Miles  came  to  a  small  Scotch  settle- 
ment called  Albout129  on  the  other,  side  of  the  River  5  miles 
from  Unadilla  which  we  burnt,  but  the  people  had  gone  to 
the  Enemy  this  last  Spring,  went  on  to  Unadilla,  crossed  the 
River  to  the  East  side  and  encamped,  the  River  was  about 
middle  deep  when  we  waded  it.  This  settlement  was  de- 


127  JOACHIM  VAN  VALKENBEUG,  afterwards  killed  in  battle  near  Lake  Utsayunthe  in 
1781. 

128  Van  Hovenberg's  Journal  says  Burris  Farms. 

129  ALBOUT. — A  Scotch,  tory  settlement  on  the  east  side  of  the  Unadilla  river,  five 
miles  above  Unadilla,  was  burned  Aug.  12,  1779,  by  Clinton's  detachment.    Most  of  the 
Scotch  Settlers  went  to  Canada  at  the  beginning  of  the  difficulties  ;  those  who  remained 
were  more  in  sympathy  with  the  British  than  with  the  Americans. 


BEATTY'S  JOURJSAL.  63 

stroyed  by  our  detachment  last  fall  excepting  one  house 
which  belonged  to  one  Glasford  who  went  to  the  enemy  this 
Spring,  his  house  was  immediately  burnt  when  we :  came  on 
the  ground  to-day.  We  passed  several  old  Indians  encamp'ts 
where  they  encamped  when  they  destroyed  Cherry  Valley, 
the  road  middling  hilly. 

Friday  13th. — This  morning  very  foggy  and  a  great  deal 
of  dew.  Marched  off  at  6  o'clock,  went  2  miles,  waded  the 
Eiver  about  3  foot  deep,  proceeded  on  to  Conihunto130  a  small 
Indian  village  that  was,  but  was  Destroyed  by  our  Detach- 
ment last  fall,  its  14  miles  from  Unadilla,131  A  little  below 
this  town  there  is  3  or  4  Islands  in  the  Kiver  where  the  In- 
dians raised  their  corn.  On  one  of  those  Islands  our  troops 
encamped  with  the  boats  and  cattle,  the  light  Infantry  went 
2  miles  from  Conihunto  where  they  encamped  a  little  after  3 
o'clock  in  the  woods.  Middle  good  Road  to-day. 

Saturday  14th. — Marched  this  morning  at  8  o'clock,  very 
hilly  road  for  the  Right  flank,  arrived  at  the  fording  2  miles 
from  Onoquaga132  about  2  o'clock  which  is  8  from  where  we 
started,  the  ford  being  too  deep  to  wade,  crossed  in  our  Boats 
to  the  East  Side,  went  over  a  high  hill  and  got  to  Onoquaga 
at  3  o'clock  where  we  encamped  on  very  pretty  ground. 
This  town  was  one  of  the  neatest  of  the  Indian  towns  on  the 
Susquehanna,  it  was  built  on  each  side  of  the  River  with  good 

130  CONIHUNTO,  called  Gunnagunter  by  Van  Hovenberg,  an  Indian  town  14  miles  be- 
low Unadilla,  destroyed  by  Col.  William  Butler  in  1778.  It  appears  to  have  been  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river. 

1:n  UXADILLA,  an  Indian  town  at  the  junction  of  the  Unadilla  with  the  Susquehanna, 
destroyed  by  Col.  William  Butler  in  1778.  "  Eeturning  to  Unadilla,  that  settlement,  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  was  burned,  as  also  a  grist-mill  and  saw-mill,  the  only  ones  in 
the  Susquehanna  Valley."— Letter  of  Col.  William  Sutler. 

13-2  ONOQUAGA,  an  Indian  town  on  both  sides  of  the  Snsquehanna  river,  eight  miles 
below  Conihnnto  near  present  Ouaquaga  in  the  town  of  Colesville,  Broome  Co.  When 
destroyed  by  Col.  Butler  in  1778  he  mentions  a  lower  or  Tuscarora  town  three  miles  be- 
low, this  would  be  near  present  Windsor.  The  old  fort  mentioned  is  probably  one  built 
for  the  Indians  by  Sir  William  Johnson  in  1756.  Rev.  Gideon  Hawley  was  a  missionary 
here  at  an  early  date. 


64 

log  houses  with  stone  chimneys  and  glass  windows,  it  likewise 
had  a  church  and  burying  ground  and  a  great  number  of  apple- 
trees,  and  we  likewise  saw  the  Ruins  of  an  Old  Fort  which 
formerly  was  here  many  years  ago.  The  Indians  abandoned 
this  town  last  fall  when  they  heard  of  our  detachment  coming 
to  destroy  it,  they  had  but  just  left  it  when  we  came  in  it,  but 
we  did  not  catch  any  of  them,  but  burnt  their  town  to  ashes, 
and  the  detachment  returned.  This  evening  we  fired  an 
evening  gun. 

Sunday  15th. — Very  heavy  dew  this  morning,  went  on 
Guard,  the  Army  Remain  at  Onoquago  to-day  quiet,  no  news 
stirring  as  I  hear  of  particular. 

Monday  16th. — This  morning  a  very  heavy  dew  and  fog, 
which  is  very  customary  in  this  country,  was  relieved  of  my 
Guard  and  the  day  proved  exceedingly  warm,  a  heavy  shower 
of  rain  this  afternoon,  at  12  o'clock  Major  Church  with  the 
4th  P.  Regt.  went  out  5  or  6  Miles  to  meet  4  or  500  Mili- 
tia133 who  we  expected  to  join  us  here,  but  he  returned  in  the 
evening  and  saw  nothing  of  them. 

Tuesday  17th. — Marched  off  from  Onoquaga  this  morning 
8  o'clock,  proceeded  down  the  river  3  miles  to  one  of  the 
Tuscarora  towns,  which  was  burnt  by  one  of  our  Detach- 
ments last  fall,  here  waded  the  river  about  4  feet  deep  to  the 
west  side,  went  on  one  Mile  when  we  came  to  another  of  the 
Tuscarora  towns  called  Shawhiangto134  consisting  of  10  or  12 
houses  which  we  burnt,  then  marched  on  over  a  very  barren 
mountainous  country  10  or  12  Miles,  came  to  a  Tuscarora 
settlement  called  Ingaren135  consisting  of  5  or  6  houses,  but 

133  Col.  Pawling,  commanding  a  regiment  of  New  York  levies,  was  to  meet  Clinton  at 
this  point,  but  arriving  after  the  army  had  passed,  they  returned  to  Wawarsing. 

134  SHAWHIANGTO,  a  small  Tuscarora  town  four  miles  below  Onoquago,  burned  by 
General  Clinton  August  17,  1779  ;  it  contained  ten  or  twelve  houses,  located  on  the  west 
side  of  the  river,  near  present  Windsor  in  Broome  County. 

135  INGAREN,  a  small  Tuscarora  town,  at  or  near  Great  Bend  in  Susquehanna  county. 
Penn.  It  was  called  Tuscarora  by  Van  Hovenberg,  and  described  as  being  sixteen  miles 
from  the  camp,  four  miles  below  Chenango  river;  and  twelve  miles  by  land  and  twenty 
by  water,  from  Onoquaga,  where  the  army  encamped  on  the  16th.    Was  destroyed  by 
General  Clinton,  August  17,  1779. 


BEATTY'S  JOURNAL.  65 

a  good  deal  scattered,  encamped  at  the  lower  end  of  the  set- 
tlement after  burning  the  houses,  here  they  had  planted  a 
good  deal  of  corn,  potatoes,  &c.,  which  we  destroyed,  a  few 
yards  in  front  of  our  comp'ys  encamping  ground  there  was  a 
tanfat  farm  with  several  Hides  at  a  tannery  which  the  sol- 
diers got,  and  close  by  it  they  discovered  in  a  little  hole,  a 
man  which  was  laid  there  and  a  little  dirt  thrown  over  him 
just  to  cover  him.  We  had  his  head  uncovered,  but  he  was 
too  putrified,  we  could  not  discover  whether  he  was  a  white 
man  or  Indian  but  supposed  to  be  a  white  man,  as  there  was 
a  Scotch  Bonnet  found  near  him.  Marched  to-day  15  miles. 
Wednesday  18th. — Marched  off  from  Ingaren  7  o'clock 
through  a  very  fine  rich  country  very  well  timbered  but 
poorly  watered,  scarce  any ;  arrived  at  Chinango  River  at  4 
o'clock  where  we  forded  it  about  4  feet  deep,  and  almost  as 
wide  as  the  Susquehanna  but  not  so  deep,  as  soon  as  we  got 
over  we  halted  and  Major  Parr  with  100  men  went  up  the 
River  to  destroy  the  Chinango  town136  which  lay  4  miles  up 
the  River,  but  when  we  came  there,  we  found  the  town  was 
burnt,  which  consisted  of  about  20  houses.  It  seems  when 
the  Indians  evacuated  it  last  winter  they  destroyed  it,  there- 
fore we  Returned  and  found  the  army  encamped  2  Mile  be- 
low the  Chinango  River.  Marched  to-day  22  miles,  and 
burnt  several  Indian  houses  on  the  road.  This  evening 
came -up  the  River  2  Runners  who  informed  us  that  Gen'l 
Poor  with  1000  Men  was  within  9  miles  of  us  coming  to 
meet  us  and  that  Grenl.  Sullivan  lay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ty- 
oga  and  that  he  had  sent  part  of  his  army  up  to  Shamong 
which  they  had  destroyed,  and  had  returned  to  Gen'l  Sulli- 
van with  the  loss  of  9  men  killed  and  some  more  wounded, 


ise  CHENANGO,  also  called  Otsiningo,  an  important  Indian  town  located  four  miles 
north  of  Binghamton  on  the  Chenango  river,  in  present  town  of  Chenango,  near  the 
present  village  of  the  same  name.  The  twenty-two  miles  travel  mentioned,  evidently 
includes  the  march  up  the  Chenango  to  this  ^town.  and  from  thence  to  the  camp.  Van 
Hovenberg  estimates  the  day's  march  of  the  army  at  16  miles.  Many  writers  incorrect- 
ly locate  this  town  at  Binghamton . 


66  BEATTY'S  JOURNAL. 

which  was  in  small  skirmishing.  The  Indians  had  taken  off 
all  their  [property]  from  Shamong,  except  a  few  cattle  which 
our  people  got. 

Thursday  19th. — Marched  this  morning  7  o'clock,  went  2 
Miles  where  we  burnt  7  or  8  houses  on  the  East  side  of  the 
Eiver,  4  miles  further  at  the  Chuggnuts137  we  fell  in  with 
Gren'l  Poor's  army  who  was  ready  to  march,  they  had  burnt 
this  settlement  which  lies  on  the  East  side  of  the  Eiver 
about  20  houses,  niade  no  halt  here  but  went  011  4  mile, 
Gen'l  Clinton's  army  in  front  and  Gen'l  Poor's  in  the  rear. 
Came  to  a  middling  large  Creek  where  we  made  a  halt  for 
one  hour,  then  marched  on  12  Miles  without  halting  and  ar- 
rived at  Owego138  about  sundown  after  a  very  fatiguing 
march  of  22  Miles.  This  afternoon  fell  a  small  shower  of 
Eain. 

Friday  20th. — Eained  a  little  last  night,  and  successively 
all  this  day  therefore  did  not  move,  went  a  party  down  to 
Owego  town  which  lies  one  mile  lower  down  and  burnt  it, 
consisted  of  about  20  houses. 

Saturday  21. — Clear  weather  this  morning  but  a  very 
heavy  fog,  marched  a  little  after  7  o'clock,  forded  Owego 
creek  which  is  about  *  *  *  one  third  of  the  Susquehanna, 
at  this  place  it  was  about  three  feet  deep  and  about  50  yards 
wide — Went  thro,  the  *  *  *  of  Owego  town,  crossed  a  pret- 
ty large  brook,  went  12  miles,  halted  at  a  small  brook  one 
hour  for  refreshment.  Proceed  on  3  Miles  further  when  we 


137  CHOCONUT,  or  Chugnutt,  an  important  Indian  town  of  fifty  or  sixty  houses,  mostly 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Susquehanna  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Choconut  creek,  on  the  site 
of  the  present  village  of  Vestal,  in  town  of  Vestal,  Broome  county.    Burned  Aug.  19, 
1779,  by  Gen.  Poor's  detachment  which  encamped  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  near 
present  Union  where  the  two  detachments  united.    Gen.  Clinton's  camp  the  same  night, 
was  six  miles  distant  up  the  river. 

138  OWAGEA,  an  Indian  town  of  about  twenty  houses.    Occupied  in  1779,  located  on 
Owego  creek  about  a  mile  from  the  Susquehanna  near  the  present  village  of  Owego  in 
Tioga  County.  Gen.  Poor's  detachment  encamped  Aug.  17th  on  the  site  of  present  vil- 
lage, where  was  a  small  Indian  Hamlet.     Owagea  was  burned  Aug.  19. 


BEATTY'S  JOURNAL.  67 

encamped  at  4  o'clock  opposite  Fitzgerald's  farm139  in  tlie 
woods,  it  is  a  very  fine  farm  but  no  house  on  it,  nor  any 
body  living  on  it.  On  this  ground  where  we  encamped  Mr. 
Sawyers  a  man  who  was  made  prisoner  by  Indians,  along 
with  his  Neighbor  Mr.  Cowley  who  both  lived  on  the  head 
of  the  Delaware,  after  the  Indians  having  them  so  far  on 
their  Journey,  they  rose  in  the  Night  killed  the  Indians 
which  was  3  or  4  and  made  their  escape,  we  saw  the  *  *  * 
of  the  Indians  *  *  *  when  we  came  on'  the  ground.  To- 
day we  met  with  a  bad  accident,  two  of  our  Boats  of  Am- 
munition overset  in  the  Eiver  and  Damaged  a  good  many 
boxes  of  cartridges  and  a  few  casks  of  powder,  to-night  went 
on  Gruard. 


i*'  MANCKATAAVANGUM,  or  Red  Bank,  here  called  Fitzgerald's  Farm,  appears  to  have 
been  on  the  south  side  of  the  Susquehanna,  in  the  town  of  Nichols,  nearly  opposite  the 
village  of  Barton.  Major  Norris1  Journal,  in  going  up,  says  on  the  16th  the  detachment 
"  encamped  near  the  ruins  of  an  old  town  called  MACKTOWANUCK  "  (see  p.  41)  ;  Lieut. 
Jenkins1  Journal ;  says  "  10  miles  from  Tioga  at  a  place  called  MANCKATAWANGUM  or 
Bed  Bank,"  and  mentions  encamping  at  same  point  on  the  return  march.  A  table  of 
distances  in  Canfield's  Journal  says  "  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tioga  (Chemung)  to 
Mackatowando  10  miles."  This  would  locate  the  Indian  town  at  or  near  present  Bar- 
ton. On  the  Tioga  county  map,  Mohontowonga  Farm  appears  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river  opposite^Barton,  and  an  island  in  the  river  named  Mohontowango. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1779,  two  men  named  Sawyer  and  Cowley  were  captured  near 
Harpersfleld,  by  four  Schoharie  Indians,  named  Han  Yerry,  Seth's  Henry,  Adam  and 
Nicholas.  One  of  the  captives  was  an  Irishman,  the  other  a  Scotchman.  They  were 
refugees  from  Harpersfield,  who  had  sought  safety  in  Schoharie  at  the  beginning  of  the 
difficulties.  The  prisoners  could  not  speak  Dutch,  which  the  Indians  understood,  nor 
could  the  Indians  understand  English.  When  captured,  they  claimed  by  signs  to  be 
friends  of  the  King,  and  were  not  only  willing,  but  anxious  to  accompany  their  captors. 
The  prisoners  set  off  with  such  apparent  willingness  on  the  journey,  that  the  Indians 
did  not  think  it  necessary  to  bind  them,  but  permitted  them  to  procure  wood  and  water. 
They  had  been  captives  eleven  days  without  finding  a  favorable  opportunity  for  escape, 
but  on  arriving  at  a  deserted  hut  at  this  point,  the  captives  were  sent  to  cut  wood  a  few 
rods  distant,  using  for  this  purpose  an  ax  belonging  to  one  of  the  prisoners.  On  such  oc- 
casions, usually  one  cut  and  the  other  carried  to  the  camp  fire;  but  this  time,  while  Cow- 
ley  was  chopping,  and  Sawyer  waiting  for  an  armful,  the  latter  took  from  his  pocket  a 
newspaper,  and  pretended  to  read  its  contents  to  his  fellow,  but  really  proposed  a  plan 
for  regaining  their  liberty.  After  procuring  a  sufficient  quantity  of  wood,  and  partaking 
of  a  scanty  supper,  they  laid  down  for  the  night  as  usual,  a  prisoner  between  two  In- 
dians. When  the  Indians  were  sound  asleep,  the  prisoners  arose,  secured  the  guns, 
shaking  the  priming  from  them.  Sawyer  securing  the  tomahawk  of  Han  Yerry,  and 
Cowley  the  ax.  At  a  given  signal,  the  blows  descended,  and  the  weapons  sank  deep  in- 
to the  brain  of  their  victims,  but  unfortunately,  Sawyer  in  attempting  to  free  hi:*  weap- 


68  BEATTY'S  JOURNAL. 

Sunday  22d. — Marched  off  this  morning  7  o'clock,  pro- 
ceeded on,  we  crossed  two  middling  large  brooks.  Arrived 
at  Tyoga  11  o'clock,  where  we  found  Grenl.  Hand's  Brigade 
encamped  one  Mile  above  the  mouth  of  the  Tyoga  where 
they  was  building  4  Block  houses,  the  other  troops  was  en- 
camped over  the  point  which  was  Gren'ls  Poor's  and  Max- 
well's Brigades,  we  encamped  on  the  Right  of  the  whole. 
On  our  coming  into  camp  we  was  saluted  by  13  Pieces  of 
cannon  which  was  Returned  by  our  two  little  pieces  on  the 
River.  We  found  Gen'l  Hand's  Brigade  under  arms  with  a 
Band  of  Music  which  played  Beautiful  as  we  passed  by 
them,  We  encamped  on  a  very  *  *  *  pretty  piece  of  ground 
and  spent  the  Remainder  of  the  day  in  seeing  oar  friends  in 
the  different  Regiments,  likewise  when  we  arrived  here  our 
Infantry  was  disbanded  and  ordered  to  join  their  respective 
Regts.  Very  heavy  shower  of  rain  this  afternoon.  Marched 
7  miles  to-day. 

on  from  the  skull,  drew  the  handle  from  its  socket.  These  two  Indians  were  killed, 
but  the  noise  awoke  the  others,  who  instantly  sprung  to  their  feet ;  as  Seth's  Henry 
arose,  he  received  a  blow  partially  warded  off  by  his  right  arm,  but  his  shoulder  was  laid 
open  and  he  fell  back  stunned  ;  the  fourth,  as  he  was  about  to  escape,  received  a  heavy 
blow  in  the  back  from  the  ax  ;  he  fled  to  a  swamp  near  by  and  died.  On  retiirning  to 
the  hut  and  consulting  as  to  what  course  they  should  pursue,  Seth's  Henry,  who  had 
recovered,  but  feigned  death,  again  sprang  to  his  feet,  caught  his  rifle  and  snapped  it  at 
one  of  the  prisoners,  ran  out  of  the  hut  and  disappeared.  The  two  friends  primed  the 
remaining  guns  and  kept  vigilant  watch  until  daylight  to  guard  against  surprise.  They 
set  out  in  the  morning  to  return,  but  did  not  dare  to  pursue  the  route  they  came,  very 
properly  supposing  there  were  more  of  the  enemy  in  the  vicinity,  to  whom  the  surviving 
Indian  would  communicate  the  fate  of  his  comrades.  They  re-crossed  the  river  in  a 
bark  canoe  which  they  had  used  the  preceding  afternoon,  and  then  directed  their  course 
for  the  frontier  settlements.  On  the  first  night,  Cowley,  carried  away  by  the  excite- 
ment was  deranged  for  hours,  and  his  companion  was  fearful  that  his  raving  would  be- 
tray them,  but  reason  returned  with  daylight.  As  they  had  feared,  a  party  of  Indians  was 
soon  in  hot  pursuit— from  a  hill  they  saw  ten  or  a  dozen  in  the  valley  below  ;  but  they 
concealed  themselves  beneath  a  sheltering  rock,  and  remained  there  one  night  and  two 
days.  When  there  an  Indian  dog  came  up  to  them,  but  after  smelling  for  some  time, 
went  away  without  barking.  On  the  third  night  they  saw  the  enemy's  fires  literally  all 
around  them.  They  suffered  much  from  exposure  to  the  weather,  and  still  more  from 
hunger,  but  finally  arrived  at  a  frontier  settlement  in  Pennsylvania,  and  afterward  re- 
turned to  Schoharie,  where  they  were  welcomed  as  though  risen  from  the  dead.  Saw- 
yer is  said  to  have  died  many  years  after  in  Williamstown,  Mass.,  and  Cowley  in  Al- 
bany.— Symm's  Schoharie,  291,  2,  3. 


EXPEDITION  AGAINST  THE  CAYUGAS. 


MARCH  OF  COLONEL  BUTLER  ALONG  THE  EAST  SIDE  OF 
CAYUGA  LAKE. 

On  the  return  march,  when  the  army  reached  Kanadaseaga 
on  September  20,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Butler  commanding 
the  Fourth  Pennsylvania  regiment  was  detached  with  six 
hundred  men,  with  orders  to  proceed  around  the  north  end 
of  Cayuga  lake,  and  devastate  the  country  of  the  Cayugas  on 
the  east  side  of  the  lake.  At  the  same  time  a  force  under 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Henry  Dearborn  was  ordered  to  move 
along  the  west  side,  the  two  detachments  to  unite  at  the  head 
of  the  lake  and  from  thence  to  join  the  main  army  at  Catha- 
rinestown. 

WILLIAM  BUTLER  was  the  second  of  five  brothers,  all  of 
whom  served  with  distinction  in  the  Kevolution  and  the 
succeeding  wars.  Their  names  were  Eichard,  William, 
Thomas,  Percival  and  Edward.  Thomas,  the  third  brother, 
is  said  to  have  been  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1754,  and  Eich- 
ard the  elder  in  Ireland,  so  that  William  was  either  born  in 
America,  or  came  here  from  Ireland  when  very  young.  He 
was  commissioned  Lieutenant  Colonel  October  25,  1776,  on 
the  organization  of  the  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Eegiment 
Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  in  which  he  bore 
an  important  part,  his  regiment  and  six  companies  of  Mor- 
gan's riflemen  were  sent  to  Schoharie  County,  New  York, 
where  he  was  actively  engaged  in  protecting  the  frontier  set- 
tlements from  the  marauding  parties  of  tories  and  Indians. 


70  GRANT'S  JOURNAL. 

After  the  Wyoming  massacre  in  1778,  as  a  part  of  the  ag- 
gressive policy  determined  on  by  Washington,  he  marched 
to  the  Delaware,  and  decended  that  stream  for  two  days,  and 
from  thence  moved  across  the  country  to  the  Susquehanna  at 
Unadilla  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  who  fled  at  his  approach. 
From  here  he  moved  down  to  0-noquaga,  which  was  a  well 
built  town,  with  many  good  farm  houses  in  the  vicinity  be- 
longing to  the  tories,  located  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  He 
destroyed  Onoquaga,  and  a  Tuscarora  town  lower  down, 
Conihunto  eight  miles  above,  and  Unadilla,  with  the  grist 
and  saw  mill  there,  the  only  ones  in  the  valley,  and  forced 
the  enemy  to  remove  westward  to  the  Chemung  where  they 
were  found  by  Sullivan  the  next  year.  He  was  in  garrison 
in  the  Middle  fort  of  Schoharie  during  the  winter,  and  in 
August,  1779,  accompanied  Clinton  down  the  Susquehanna 
to  Tioga  point  where  he  was  transferred  to  General  Hand's 
Brigade  August  23d  of  that  year.  This  was  the  Colonel 
Butler  to  whom  General  Sullivan  entrusted  the  responsible 
duties  of  conducting  this  important  expedition,  second  only 
in  importance  to  that  of  the  main  army.  Two  journals  give 
an  account  of  Colonel  Butler's  march,  viz.,  Thomas  Grant, 
who  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  surveying  party  under 
Captain  Lodge,  and  George  Grant,  Sergeant  Major  of  the 
Third  New  Jersey  regiment,  the  latter  evidently  copied  from 
some  other  journal. 


PART  OF  THOMAS  GRANT'S  JOURNAL. 

• 

Sept.  20. — This  day  a  detachment  of  six  hundred  men 
with  a  sufficiency  of  officers  under  the  command  of  Col. 
Wm.  Butler  were  sent  into  the  Cayuga  country,  with  which 
detachment  I  was  ordered.  They  marched  from  Cannadesago 
at  3  o'clock  P.  M.  Marched  this  day  8  miles  to  an  Indian 


GRANT'S  JOURNAL.  71 

town  by  the  name  of  Scawjace140  where  about  8  acres  of 
corn  was  destroyed. 

Sept  21. — The  detachment  marched  this  morning  at  7 
o'clock  A.  M.  16  J  miles  to  a  small  Indian  settlement141 1£  miles 
short  of  Cayuga  Castle,  where  we  encamped  for  the  night. 
At  8J  miles  crossed  the  outlet  of  Cayuga,  which  in  breadth 
was  about  70  perches,  and  more  than  middle  deep  to  the 
men.  Xear  the  outlet  we  destroyed  two  Indian  houses.  The 
name  of  the  place  Choharo142  and  destroyed  on  the  lake  in 
different  places  *  *  *  houses  and  *  *  *  acres  of  corn,  but 
saw  no  enemy.  The  general  course  since  we  crossed  the  out- 
let, nearly  south,  the  road  not  more  than  half  a  mile  from 
the  lake  at  furthest,  the  land  middling. 

Sept.  22,  1679.— Marched  this  day  at  6  o'clock  A.  M.  2 
miles  to  the  Cayuga  Castle,143  an  Indian  town  of  that  name 
containing  in  number  about  15  very  large  square  log  houses. 
I  think  the  building  superior  to  any  yet  have  seen.  [Here] 
cattle  were  killed  and  three  days  beef  issued  to  the  troops. 

140  SCAWYACE  or  Long  Falls,  an  important  Indian  town  of  eighteen  houses,  located 
on  the  north  bank  of  Seneca  river  at  present  site  of  Waterloo,  in  Seneca  County.  It 
was  partially  destroyed  on  August  8,  during  the  advance  of  the  army  by  a  party  of  vol- 
unteers under  Colonel  Harper.  George  Grant  mentions  the  fact  of  "  several  fish  ponds 
abounding  opposite  the  town."  These  were  circular  enclosures  of  stone  from  thirty  to 
forty  feet  in  diameter,  built  up  on  the  rocky  bed  of  the  stream,  where  the  water  was 
neither  very  deep  or  rapid,  so  constructed  as  to  permit  the  water  to  pass  through,  but 
to  retain  the  fish. 

1*1  GEWAUGA,  a  small  hamlet  on  the  present  site  of  Union  Springs  in  the  town  of 
Springport,  on  the  east  side  of  Cayuga  lake. 

us  CHOHARO.— This  was  the  Tichero  or  St.  Stephen  of  the  Jesuit  Relations,  said  to 
signify  ttieijlac*.  of  rushes,  located  at  the  foot  of  Cayuga  lake  on  the  east  side,  at  the  exact 
point  where  the  bridge  of  the  Middle  Turnpike  left  the  east  shore.  The  trail  across  the 
marsh  followed  the  north  bank  of  an  ancient  channel  of  the  Seneca  river,  which  at  an 
early  day  took  that  course.  The  turnpike  afterward  followed  substantially  the  line  of 
the  trail  and  crossed  the  present  line  of  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal  three  times  be- 
tween Mud  Lock  and  the  old  Demont  tavern  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  marsh.  The 
salt  springs  mentioned  by  Father  Raffeix  in  1672,  were  on  the  west  side  of  the  marsh 
about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  Rail  Road  bridge,  and  on  the  bank  of  the  an- 
cient river  channel. 

1*3  CAYUGA  CASTLE,  an  Indian  town  containing  fifteen  very  large  houses  of  squared 
logs,  located  on  the  south  line  of  the  town  of  Springport  in  Cayuga  County,  on  the  north 
bank  of  Great  Gully  brook,  and  from  one  to  two  miles  from  the  lake. 


72  GRANT'S  JOURNAL. 

The  fatigue  parties  were  sent  to  destroy  the  corn  to  the 
amount  of  about  110  acres,  though  not  all  destroyed  this  day. 
Two  other  towns  were  discovered,  one  23j-  miles  from  the 
Seneca  Lake,  which  we  called  Upper  Cayuga,144  containing 
14  large  houses,  the  other  about  two  miles  east  of-  the  Cas- 
tle which  we  called  Cayuga,145  containing  13  houses.  The 
troops  were  all  employed  this  day  in  destroying  corn  till  af- 
ter dark.  We  found  at  this  town  apples,  peaches,  potatoes, 
turnips,  onions,  pumpkins,  squashes,  and  vegetables  of  vari- 
ous kinds  and  great  plenty. 

Sept.  23,  1779. — This  day  the  troops  were  employed  till  3 
o'clock  P.  M.  in  finishing  the  destruction  of  the  corn  and 
burning  the  aforementioned  towns  within.  Marched  5  miles 
to  an  Indian  town  by  the  name  of  Chandot146  or  Peach  Town, 
remarkable  for  a  large  Peach  orchard  containing  *  *  *  hun- 
dred fine  thriving  peach  trees,  likewise  *  *  *  acres  of  corn. 
This  'town  contained  about  12  or  14  houses  chiefly  old 
buildings.  Part  of  the  corn  was  destroyed  this  evening. 

Sept.  24,  1779. — This  morning  the  troops  were  employed 
in  finishing  the  destruction  of  the  corn  and  peach  trees.  At 
10  o'clock  A,  M.  fire  was  set  to  this  town  and  the  detachment 
went  off  the  ground.  Marched  this  day  16 £  miles  and  en- 
camped on  a  pleasant  hill147  near  a  fine  creek  about  one 
hour  after  dark.  The  land  we  passed  this  day  well  timbered, 
and  the  soil  very  good,  but  very  scarce  of  water.  9  miles 
from  Chondote  we  crossed  a  stream  of  water  which  fell  over 


144  UPPER  CAYUGA,  an  Indian  town  of  fourteen  very  large  houses  located  near  the 
north  line  of  the  town  of  Ledyard  in  Cayuga  County,  on  the  south  bank  of  Great  Gully 
brook,  and  as  appears  on  the  map,  between  one  and  two  miles  from  the  lake. 

145  EAST  CAYUGA,  or  Old  Town,  contained  thirteen  houses  located  in  the  south-east 
corner  of  the  town  of  Springport,  as  indicated  on  the  map,  from  three  to  four  miles  from 
the  lake.    A  site  in  the  south-west  corner  of  Fleming  was  a  site  of  this  town  at  about 
this  date. 

146  CHONOBOTE,  so  named  on  Capt.  Lodge's  map,  an  Indian  town  of  fourteen  houses, 
on  the  site  of  present  Aurora  in  Cayuga  County  ;  according  to  George  Grant's  journal 
it  contained  fifteen  hundred  peach  trees. 

147  On  the  hill  north  of  Ludlowville. 


GRANT'S  JOURNAL.  73 

rocks  80  feet  perpendicular.  3  miles  from  [this]  we  crossed  a 
second  stream148  which  fell  about  50  feet  perpendicular,  which 
empty  themselves  into  Cayuga  lake.  Saw  no  enemy  this 
day.  The  general  course  S.  30  °  E. 

Sept.  25,  1779. — Marched  this  morning  about  6  o'clock 
and  encamped  at  an  Indian  town  3£  miles  above  Cayuga 
Lake.  The  town  appeared  to  be  just  consumed,  supposed  to 
be  burnt  by  a  detachment  from  Gen'l  Sullivan's  army.149  The 
town  was  situated  on  a  rising  ground  in  a  large,  beautiful 
valley.  The  soil  equal  to  or  rather  superior  to  any  in  the 
country,  through  which  runs  several  fine  streams  of  water, 
the  first  a  creek  about  4:  poles  wide,  which  falls  from  the 
mountain  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley  about  120  feet  per- 
pendicular into  which  creek  three  other  fine  streams  empty, 
the  second  creek  is  the  principal  supply  of  the  Cayuga  Lake 
navigable  for  large  canoes  or  boats  to  the  town. 

[The  journal  here  ends  abruptly  ] 

148  The  first  of  these  falls  was  probably  on  Mill  Creek,  two  and  a  half  miles  south-west 
of  Northville;  the  second  near  Lake  Ridge  in  the  town  of  Lansing. 

i«  COREORQONEL  was  burned  by  the  detachment  under  Colonel  Dearborn.  See  his 
account  September  24,  and  note  161. 


PART  OF  GEORGE  GRANT'S  JOURNAL. 

Sept.  20,  1779.— I  return  to  the  20th  to  follow  Col.  Butler, 
who  left  us  at  Kanadasago,  and  proceeded  along  the  outlet  of 
Seneca  Lake  for  8  miles  and  halted  at  Schoyerre,  formerly 
destroyed  by  Col.  Harper. 

Sept.  21. — Early  this  morning  a  party  of  200  men  under 
the  command  of  Maj.  Scott  was  despatched  to  destroy  corn, 
&c.,  the  remainder  with  Col.  Butler,  proceeded  on  forward. 
Seven  miles  of  the  road  was  very  bad,  the  land  poor  and  bar- 
ren, and  no  water.  They  then  entered  on  an  excellent 
swamp  which  produces  fine  timber,  the  soil  exceeding  rich 


74  GRANT'S  JOURNAL. 

and  fertile.  This  extends  for  4  miles,  when  they  reached 
Caiuga  Lake.  This  they  crossed  at  a  place  wading  it  to  their 
breasts  in  water,  where  they  halted  waiting  for  Maj.  Scott 
and  his  party.  As  soon  as  they  had  joined,  they  proceeded 
along  the  side  of  the  lake  side,  the  land  excellent,  the  timber 
large  and  the  country  level  and  well  watered.  Came  to  a 
habitation  within  one  mile  of  Caiuga  town  and  encamped  18 
miles  from  Scoyerre. 

Sept.  22. — Marched  to  Caiuga150  one  mile  distant.  This 
town  is  large  and  commodius,  consisting  of  50  houses  mostly 
well  built.  The  party  went  immediately  to  destroying  corn, 
&c.,  with  which  this  place  abounds,  but  the  water  very  bad 
arid  scarce.  Here  was  found  some  salt  of  the  Indians  making 
from  the  Salt  Springs151  which  are  in  this  country.  Found 
several  muskets  here,  branded  with  the  brand  of  the  United 
States ;  also  a  few  Regimental  coats,  blue,  faced  with  white. 

Sept.  23. — The  most  part  of  the  day  taken  up  in  destroy- 
ing scattering  towns,  corn,  &c.,  within  2  or  3  miles  all  around 
this  town.  About  4  o'clock  marched  for  another  town152  dis- 
tant 4  miles  but  could  not  learn  any  name  for  it,  and  here 
halted  for  the  night. 

Sept.  24. — This  morning  went  to  destroying  corn,  beans, 
and  orchards.  Destroyed  about  1500  Peach  Trees,  besides 
apple  trees  and  other  fruit  trees.  This  town  consisted  of  13 

loo  Goi-o-gouen,  of  the  Jesuit  Relations,  and  site  of  the  Mission  of  St.  Joseph,  called 
also  Cayuga  Castle,  and  the  same  described  as  three  towns  by  Thomas  Grant  under  the 
names  of  Cayuga  Castle,  fifteen  houses;  upper  Cayuga,  containing  fourteen  houses;  and 
Cayuga,  containing  thirteen  bouses.  The  houses  were  very  much  scattered,  and  on  both 
sides  of  Great  Gully  brook  on  the  south  line  of  the  town  of  Springport  in  Cayuga  Conn  - 
ty.  Greenhalgh,  an  English  trader,  passed  through  the  Cayuga  country  in  1677.  and 
found  them  there  occupying  "  three  towns  about  a  mile  distant  from  each  other  ;  they 
are  not  stockaded.  They  do  consist  in  all  of  about  one  hundred  houses  and  intend  next 
Spring  to  build  all  their  houses  together  and  stockade  them.  They  have  abundance 
of  corn,  and  lie  within  two  or  three  miles  of  lake  Tichero." 

151  These  salt  springs  were  located  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  from  Choharo,  see 
note  14-2.    Luke  Swetland,  a  prisoner  in  1778,  made  salt  at  these  springs,  which  he  says 
was  of  excellent  quality. 

152  CHONOPOTE.    See  note  146. 


GRANT'S  -JOURNAL.  75 

houses.  Then  marched  for  18  miles,  the  first  12  the  land 
exceeding  good,  the  other  six  not  extraordinary. 

Sept.  25. — Marched  for  10J-  miles  the  road  mostly  bad, 
having  to  ascend  and  descend  extreme  steep  and  difficult 
mountains,  then  through  thick  and  difficult  swamps.  Passed 
the '  end  of  Caiuga  Lake  and  halted'  at  De-ho-riss-kana- 
dia153  which  they  found  burnt  and  the  corn  partly  destroyed. 
Here  was  found  the  Eev.  Dr.  Kirkland's  horse,  supposed  to 
be  left  here  by  the  party  who  destroyed  the  corn,  &c. 

Sept.  26. — Marched  for  8J  miles  through  the  Great  Swamp. 

Sept.  27. — Marched  for  17  miles,  15  of  which  was  through 
the  above  swamp.  Most  part  of  the  way,  they  had  to  steer 
by  the  sun,  there  not  being  the  least  semblance  of  a  road  or 
path.  A  man  of  this  party  died  suddenly. 

Sept,  28. — Marched  for  one  mile  and  crossed  the  outlet 
(inlet)  of  Caiuga  Lake,  and  came  upon  ground  occupied  by 
the  army  on  the  night  of  the  31st  of  August,  from  there  to 
Kanawaholee,154  where  they  joined  the  main  body  of  Sulli- 
van's army. 

!53  COREORGONEL,  two  miles  south  of  Ithaca,  destroyed  by  the  detachment  under  Col 
Dearborn  on  the  24th.    See  note  161. 
154  KANAWLOHALLA,  on  the  site  of  present  Elmira.    See  note  77. 


MARCH  OF    COLONEL   DEARBORN    ALONG  THE 
WEST  SIDE  OF  CAYUGA  LAKE. 


On  the  return  march,  after  crossing  the  outlet  of  Seneca 
Lake  east  of  Kanadaseaga,  the  army  encamped  on  the  high 
ground  at  Rose  Hill,  near  the  east  shore  of  the  lake.  Here 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Henry  Dearborn  commanding  the.  Third 
New  Hampshire  regiment,  was  detached  with  two  hundred 
men  and  ordered  to  march  along  the  west  shore  of  Cayuga 
lake  to  co-operate  with  Colonel  Butler  in  devastating  the 
country  of  the  Cayugas. 

Colonel  Dearborn  was  born  in  Hampton,  N.  H,  in  March, 
1751.  He  was  a  captain  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  accompanied 
Arnold  in  the  march  through  the  woods  against  Quebec,  in 
which  expedition  he  was  captured.  He  was  exchanged  in 
1777,  and  soon  after  was  appointed  Major  of  Scammel's  regi- 
ment. At  Saratoga  he  commanded  a  separate  battalion  un- 
der General  Gates,  and  was  afterwards  at  Monmouth,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  and  the  regiment  by  a  gallant  charge. 
In  1779  Colonel  Scammel  was  acting  as  Adjutant  General 
of  the  army,  leaving  Lieut.  Colonel  Dearborn  in  command  of 
the  regiment  during  Sullivan's  campaign.  He  was  at  the 
siege  of  Yorktown  in  1781,  and  afterward  on  garrison  duty 
at  Saratoga  and  West  Point  until  1784.  He  served  two 
terms  in  Congress,  was  for  eight  years  secretary  of  war  un- 
der Jefferson,  and  in  the  war  of  1812  was  senior  Major  Gen- 
eral of  the  army.  In  1822  he  was  minister  to  Portugal,  from 
whence  he  returned  after  two  years'  service,  and  died  in  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  June  6,  1829.  After  his  death,  his  son,  Henry 


DEARBORN'S  JOURNAL.  77 

Alexander  Scammel  Dearborn,  collected  and  arranged  the 
valuable  papers  of  his  father,  transcribed  the  journals,  which 
extended  through  the  entire  period  of  the  revolution,  and 
added  important  historical  sketches,  the  whole  makirtg  for- 
ty-five large  volumes  handsomely  bound  in  morocco,  the  ex- 
terior approximating  in  elegance  to  the  inestimable  value  of 
the  material  within.  On  the  death  of  the  son,  all  of  these, 
excepting  seven  volumes,  were  taken  apart,  and  the  contents, 
made  up  of  valuable  autograph  letters  of  the  revolutionary 
period,  scattered  to  the  four  winds  by  a  sale  at  public  auction. 
The  original  manuscript  Journal  of  Sullivan's  campaign  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Dr.  John  H.  S.  Fogg,  of  Boston.  The  manu- 
script Orderly  Book  of  Valley  Forge,  was  purchased  by  John 
H.  Osborne,  Esq.,  of  Auburn.  The  seven  volumes,  contain- 
ing no  autographs,  were  reserved  at  the  sale  and  remain  in- 
tact In  one  of  these  is  the  Journal  kept  during  Sullivan's 
campaign,  as  transcribed  by  the  son,  of  which  the  following 
is  an  extract : 


PART  OF  COLONEL  DEARBORNS  JOURNAL,  1779. 

Sept.  21. — I  was  ordered  with  200  men  to  proceed  to 
the  west  side  of  the  Cayuga  Lake,  from  thence  down  the 
side  of  the  lake  to  the  south  end,  to  burn  and  destroy  such 
houses  arid  corn  as  might  be  found  and  to  intercept  the  Cay- 
ugas  if  they  attempted  to  escape  Col.  Butler.  At  8  o'clock 
I  marched,  proceeded  an  east  course  about  8  miles  and 
found  3  wigwams  in  the  woods155  with  some  small  patches  of 
corn,  squashes,  water-melons  and  cucumbers  and  15  horses 
which  we  could  not  take.  Destroyed  this  village,  proceeded 
4  miles  to  the  lake  where  we  found  a  very  pretty  town  of  10 


155  This  hamlet  appears  to  have  been  located  on  the  farm  of  Thomas  Shankwiller, 
near  the  south-east  corner  of  lot  15  in  the  town  of  Fayette,  Seneca  County,  probably 
on  Sucker  brook. 


78  DEARBORN'S  JOURNAL. 

houses156  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  corn,  all  which  we 
burnt.  We  discovered  another  small  town  about  a  mile  above 
this,  we  likewise  destroyed.  This  place  is  called  Skanna- 
utenate.157  After  destroying  this  town  I  marched  on  one 
mile,  and  came  to  a  new  town158  consisting  of  9  houses  which 
we  destroyed,  and  proceeded  one  mile  and  found  one  large 
house  which  we  set  fire  to,  and  marched  2  miles  and  en- 
camped. The  land  we  marched  over  this  day  is  exceeding 
fine. 

Sept.  22. — I  marched  £  an  hour  before  sunrise,  proceeded 
5  miles  and  came  to  the  ruins  of  a  town  which  a  part  of  our 
army  burnt  when  it  was  advancing  who  missed  their  way 
and  happened  to  fall  in  with  it,  -J  a  mile  distant  found  a  large 
field  of  corn  and  3  houses.  We  gathered  the  corn  and  burnt 
it  in  the  houses.  This  town  is  called  Swahyawana,159  Moved 
on  5  miles  and  came  to  a  wigwam  with  3  squaws  and  one 
young  Indian  who  was  a  cripple.  I  took  2  of  the  squaws 
who  were  about  40  years  of  age  and  marched  on  3  miles  and 
found  1  hut  and  a  field  of  corn  which  was  burnt.  Went  4 
miles  further  and  encamped. 

Sept.  23. — Marched  at  sunrise,  proceeded  without  any 
path  or  track,  or  any  person  who  was  ever  in  this  part  of  the 


ise  A  town  of  ten  houses,  located  on  the  west  bank  of  Cayuga  lake  at  the  north-east 
corner  of  the  town  of  Fayette,  in  Seneca  County,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  present 
Canoga  village.  Destroyed  Sept.  21,  1779. 

1ST  SKANNAYUTENATE,  a  small  village  located  about  forty  rods  from  the  shore  of  the 
lake,  on  the  south  bank  of  Canoga  creek,  about  half  a  mile  north-east  of  present  Canoga 
village .  On  the  north  bank  of  the  creek,  between  the  site  of  the  old  Indian  town  and 
the  north  and  south  road  passing  through  Canoga,  is  said  to  be  the  birth-place  of  the  re- 
nowned Seneca  orator,  Sagoyewatha  or  Red  Jacket.  Destroyed  Sept.  21,  1779. 

153  XEWTOWN  — An  Indian  village  of  nine  hoTises,  located  on  the  west  bank  of  Cayuga 
lake,  on  the  Disinger  farm,  a  mile  south  of  present  Canoga  village,  and  directly  opposite 
the  village  of  Union  Springs  on  the  east  side  of  the  lake.  Destroyed  Sept.  21,  1779. 

159  SWAHYAWANA,  was  on  the  farm  of  Edward  R.  Dean,  in  the  north-east  corner  of  the 
town  of  Romulus,  in  Seneca  county,  on  the  north  bank  of  Sinclair  Hollow  creek,  near 
•  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  almost  exactly  opposite  the  important  town  of  Chonodote,  on 
the  east  side,  at  site  of  present  Aurora.  Was  burned  September  6,  by  a  party  that  wan- 
dered from  the  track  of  the  main  army  when  they  passed  up  on  the  east  side  of  the  lake. 


DEARBORN'S  JOURNAL.  79 

country  before  to  guide  us,  and  the  land  so  horribly  rough 
and  brushy  that  it  was  difficult  to  advance,  however  with 
great  labor  and  difficulty  we  proceeded  8  miles  to  the  end  of 
a  long  cape160  which  I  expected  was  the  end  of  the  lake. 
We  then  marched  off  2  or  3  miles  from  the  lake,  and  went 
by  a  point  of  compass  8  miles  to  the  end  of  the  lake  and 
encamped.  This  lake  is  40  miles  in  length  and  from  2  to  5 
miles  in  width,  and  runs  nearly  ]STo.  and  So.  parallel  to  the 
Seneca  lake  which  is  from  8  to  10  miles  distant. 

Sept.  24 — Marched  at  sunrise,  proceeded  3  miles  on  the 
high  land  and  came  to  an  old  path  which  led  us  to  2  huts 
and  some  cornfields,  which  we  burnt.  I  then  sent  several 
parties  in  different  directions  to  look  for  a  large  town  that 
I  had  been  informed  was  not  many  miles  from  the  end  of 
the  lake.  The  parties  found  10  or  12  scattering  houses  and 
a  number  of  large  cornfields  on  arid  near  the  stream  that 
falls  into  the  lake.  After  burning  several  fields  of  corn  and 
houses  they  discovered  the  town,  3  miles  from  the  lake,  on 
the  above  mentioned  stream,  which  contained  25  houses  and 
is  called  Coreorgonel161  and  is  the  capital  of  a  small  nation  or 

160  TA.GHANIC  POINT,  formerly  known  as  Goodwin's  Point.     The  bank  of  the  lake 
both  north  and  south  of  this,  is  very  much  cut  up  with  ravines,  and  the  lake  shore  is  too 
rocky  and  precipitous  for  an  Indian  path.    For  several  miles  the  trail  was  back  two  miles 
from  the  lake,  along  the  heads  of  the  ravines,  probably  passing  through  Hayt's  corners 
and  Ovid  Centre.    From  this  hi^h  ground  the  lake  appears  to  end  at  Taghanic  Point. 

161  COREORGONEL,  called  De-ho-riss-kanadia  by  George  Grant,  was  located  on  the 
west  side  of  Cayuga  inlet,  about  three  miles  from  the  end  of  the  lake,  and  two  miles 
south  of  Ithaca.    The  main  village  was  on  a  high  ground  south  of  the  school-house 
on  the  farm  of  James  Fleming,  nearly  opposite  Buttermilk  Falls.      Several  skele- 
tons have  been  exhumed  here  within  a  few  years,  and  the  usual  variety  of  relics 
found,  such  as  hatchets,  wampum,  beads,  &c.     A   solitary  apple-tree  still  remain!?,  a 
fit  memento  to  represent  the  race  by  which  it  was  planted.    When  first  known  to  the" 
whites  there  were  five  boles  starting  from  the  ground,  but  these  are  now  reduced  to  two, 
and  are  probably  shoots  from  the  original  tree  cut  down  or  girdled  by  Dearborn.    The 
town  was  destroyed  September  24,  1779.    At  this  time  it  contained  twenty-five  houses, 
besides  ten  or  twelve  scattered  between  the  main  village  and  the  lake.    Colonel  Butler 
after  passing  up  on  the  east  side  of  Cayuga  Lake  halted  here  on  the  25th,  and  found 
Rev.  Dr.  Kirkland's  horse  in  the  vicinity  of  the  smoking  ruins. 

A  peculiar  interest  is  attached  to  this  locality  and  village,  from  the  fact  that  here  the 
representatives  of  a  once  powerful  people,  sought  to  preserve  for  a  brief  period,  the  last 


80  DEARBORN'S  JOURNAL. 

tribe.  My  party  was  employed  from  9.  till  sunset  in  destroy- 
ing the  town  and  corn.  I  expected  to  have  met  Col.  Butler 
with  his  party  at  this  town. 

Sept.  25. — Marched  at  sunrise  for  Catherine's  Town,  where 
I  was  ordered  to  join  the  main  army.     Proceeded  a  due  west 


remaining  spark  of  a  council  fire  that  from  time  immemorial  had  burned  brilliantly  in 
the  presence  of  assembled  nations,  numbering  their  warriors  by  thousands.  They  were 
called  by  the  Iroquois  TODERIGHROONES,  one  of  the  tribes  known  to  the  English  as  Ca- 
tawbas,  sometimes  called  Saponies.  They  formerly  resided  between  the  Potomac  and 
Roanoke  rivers,  east  of  the  Alleghanies.  A  most  inveterate  hostile  feeling  existed  be- 
tween them  and  the  Iroquois,  which  reached  back  to  near  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  A  peace  was  arranged  as  early  as  1685,  through  negotiations  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Virginia,  and  again  what  was  expected  to  be  a  "lasting  peace  "  and  firm  alli- 
ance, was  concluded  in  1714,  but  in  the  night  after  the  close  of  the  council,  the  Iroquois 
deputies,  while  reposing  in  fancied  security  were  treacherously  murdered  while  asleep. 
This  aroused  the  Iroquois  to  vengeance,  and  the  war  was  renewed  with  unexampled  fe- 
rocity, with  a  determination  to  totally  extirpate  the  base,  faithless  and  treacherous  peo- 
ple. In  1717  through  the  intercession  of  Governor  Hunter,  at  the  request  of  Governor 
Spottswood  of  Virginia,  a  truce  was  arranged,  and  in  1722  delegates  from  the  Five  Na- 
tions met  Governor  Spottswood  at  Albany  to  conclude  what  was  to  be  an  "  everlasting 
peace,"  in  which  the  Iroquois  .bound  themselves  not  to  cross  the  Potomac  or  go  over 
the  Alleghanies,  without  a  passport  from  the  Governor  of  New  York,  Governor  Spotts- 
wood engaging  that  the  tribes  in  his  locality  should  not  pass  to  the  north  or  west  of  same 
lines.  The  tribes  mentioned  by  the  Governor  were  the  "  NOTTOWATS,  MEHERINS,  NAN- 
SEMONDS,  PAMUNKEYS,  CHICOHOMINYS,  and  the  CHRISTANNA  INDIANS  whom  you  call 
TODERICHROONES,'"  and  others— in  all,  ten  nations.  This  council  was  conducted  with 
great  formality,  and  valuable  presents  were  presented,  among  which  were  a  "fine  coro- 
net ''  and  a  "  gold  horse  shoe  "  with  an  inscription.  In  1738  they  were  again  at  war,  and 
in  1743  at  peace.  In  1751  Governor  Clinton  says  "the  Governor  of  South  Carolina  sent  six 
chiefs  of  the  Catawbas,  to  make  peace  with  the  Five  Nations,11"  and  says  that  "  they  had 
been  at  war  as  long  as  any  one  in  this  country  can  remember."  In  1753  Sir  William 
Johnson  mentions  the  fact  that  the  Cayugas  "  are  about  to  strengthen  their  castle  by  tak- 
ing in  the  TEDARIQHROONES."  In  the  same  year  they  are  mentioned  as  attending  a  con- 
fei-ence  at  Mt.  Johnson  and  are  described  as  "one  of  the  nine  confederate  nations." 
The  town  is  indicated  at  the  head  of  Cayuga  lake  on  the  Guy  Johnson  map  of  1771,  in 
the  same  position  where  it  was  found  by  Colonel  Dearborn  in  1779,  under  the  name  of 
TODEVIGHRONO,  the  name  of  the  people.  In  1750  Zeisberger,  the  Moravian  missionary, 
passed  through  this  valley  while  on  his  way  to  visit  the  Cayugas,  but  makes  no  mention 
of  an  Indian  village  in  the  vicinity.  Undoubtedly  they  settled  there  in  the  summer  of 
1753.  Their  cleared  fields  were  found  on  the  present  site  of  Ithaca  on  the  first  settle- 
ment of  the  country  by  the  whites  and  were  the  first  lands  occupied  in  the  county.  The 
town  is  indicated  but  not  named  on  the  map  of  Mr.  Lodge,  the  surveyor  who  accom- 
panied Colonel  Butler's  detachment.  To  stand  on  the  identical  spot  from  which  this 
people  sunk  into  oblivion,  appeared  like  standing  on  the  grave  of  a  nation.  Their  his- 
tory, the  beginning  of  which  extends  far  back  into  the  unknown  and  unattainable,  ends 
where  that  of  civilization  begins,  and  adds  another  name  to  the  long  list  of  extinguished 
nationalities  that  preceded  us  in  sovereignty.  Here  their  council  fire,  fanned  by  the  last 
expiring  breath  of  a  once  brave  and  numerous  people,  was  extinguished  forever. 


81 

course  over  a  very  rough,  mountainous  country  18  miles, 
and  at  4  o'clock  reached  the  town,  but  the  army  was  gone 
forward.  Advanced  6  miles  in  what  is  called  the  Bear 
Swamp  arid  encamped. 

Sept.  26. — Marched  at  sunrise  and  at  12  o'clock  joined  the 
main  army  at  Kanawalahola  which  is  4  miles  from  where  we 
fought  the  enemy  on  the  29th  of  August.  The  army  had  a 
day  of  rejoicing  here  in  consequence  from  the  news  of  Spain. 

Sept.  27. — Sonie  detachments  were  sent  up  the  Teago  river 
to  destroy  such  houses  and  corn  fields  as  they  might  find. 

Sept.  28. — The  same  parties  that  were  sent  out  yesterday 
were  sent  again  further  up  the  river  to  destroy  a  Tory  settle- 
ment which  was  discovered  yesterday,  and  a  large  detach- 
ment was  sent  off  to  complete  the  destruction  of  the  corn, 
&c.,  at  and  about  New  Town.  At  12  o'clock  Col.  Butler 
and  his  party  arrived  in  Camp.  •  In  their  route  round  the 
lake  they  destroyed  several  towns  and  a  vast  quantity  of 
corn. 


RECAPITULATION. 


INDIAN   TOWNS   DESTKOYED   IN  SULLIVAN'S 
CAMPAIGN,   1779. 

1.  NEWTYCHANNING,  an  Indian  town  of  about  20  houses, 
located  on  the  west  side  of 'the  Susquehanna,    near  North 
Towanda,  Bradford  County,  Pa.     Destroyed  by  Col.  Proctor, 
Aug.  8,  1779.     See  note  60. 

2.  OLD  CHEMUNG,    an  Indian  town  partially  abandoned, 
located  on  the  north  bank  of   Chemung  river,    half  a  mile 
above  present  Chemung  village.     Destroyed  Aug.  13,  1779. 
See  note  66. 

3.  NEW  CHEMUNG,  an  Indian  town  of  fifty  or  sixty  houses, 
located  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chemung  river,  three  miles 
above  the  present  village  of  Chemung,  in  Chemung  County. 
Destroyed  Aug.  13,  1779.     See  note  66. 

4.  NEWTOWN,  an  Indian  town  of  about  20  houses,  located 
on  the  north  bank  of  Chemung  river,  five  miles  below  Elmira. 
It  gave  the  name  to  the  battle  fought  near  it  Aug.  29,  1779. 
Destroyed  August  31,  1779.     See  note  74. 

5.  A  village  of  20  to  30  new  houses,  located  on  both  sides 
of  Baldwin's  creek,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  Chemung 
river,  at  the  exact  point  where  Gren.  Poor  commenced  the 
ascent  of  the  hill.     Destroyed  Aug.  29,  1779.     See  note  74. 

6.  A  small  village  on  Baldwin's  creek,  near  the  works  of 
the  enemy,  at  Newtown,  the  timbers  of  which  were  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  fortifications.     See  note  74. 


RECAPITULATION.  83 

7.  A  small  village  on  Seely  creek,  near  present  Southport, 
south  of  Elmira,     Destroyed  Aug.  30,  1779.     See  note  74. 

8.  ALBOUT,  a  Scotch,  tory  settlement  on  the  east  side  the 
Unadilla,  about  five  miles  above  Unadilla.     Burned  August 
12,  1779,  by  Gen.  Clinton.     See  note  129. 

-  9.  SHAWHIANGTO,  a  small  Tuscarora  town,  four  miles  be- 
low Onoquago,  of  ten  or  twelve  houses,  located  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Susquehanna,  near  present  Windsor,  in  Broome 
County.  Burned  August  17,  1779,  by  Gen.  Clinton.  See 
note  134. 

10.  IXGAREN,    a  Tuscarora   town    of  five   or  six  houses, 
sometimes  called   Tuscarora,  at  Great   Bend,  Susquehanna 
county,  Penn.     Destroyed  Aug.  17,  1779,  by  Gen.  Clinton. 
See  note  135. 

11.  OTSININGO   or    Chenango,  an  important  Indian  town 
abandoned  and  destroyed  by  the  Indians  in  the  winter  of 
1778-9,  located  four  miles  north  of  Binghamton  in  Broome 
County.     See  note  136. 

12.  CHOCOXUT,  or  ChugnuM,  an  important  Indian  town  of 
fifty  or  sixty  houses  mostly  on  the  south  side  of  the  Susque- 
hanna river,  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Choconut  creek,  in  Broome 
County.     Destroyed  by  Gen.  Poor  Aug.  19,  1779.     See  note 
137. 

13.  OWAGEA,  an  Indian  town  of  about  twenty  houses,  on 
Owego  creek,  about  a  mile  from  the  Susquehanna  river,  in 
the  north  part  of  present  Owego, — was  a  small  hamlet,  also 
near  the  river.     Destroyed  August  19,  1779.     See  note  138. 

.14.  MANCKATAWANGUM,  or  Red  Bank,—  an  Indian  town 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  nearly  opposite 
the  present  village  of  Barton,  in  Tioga  county, — near  Fitz- 
gerald's Farm,  according  to  Beatty.  See  note  139. 


84  RECAPITULATION. 

General  Sullivan  under  date  of  Aug.  30th,  says:  "The 
number  of  Indian  towns  destroyed  since  the  commencement 
of  the  expedition,  including  those  burnt  by  General  Clinton 
previous  to  the  junction,  is,  I  think,  fourteen,  some  of  them 
considerable,  others  inconsiderable." 

15.  MIDDLETOWN,  an  Indian  hamlet  of  eight  houses,  lo- 
cated on  the  north  bank  of  Chemung  river,  between  New- 
town  and  present  Elmira,     Destroyed  Aug.  31,  1779.     See 
note  77. 

16.  KANAWLOHALLA  or  Canaweola,  on  the  site  of  pres- 
ent Elmira  in  Chemung  county.     George  Grant  says  it  con- 
tained twenty  houses.     This  was  the  site  of  Fort  Eeid.     De- 
stroyed while  the  army  was  on  the  march,  August  31,  1779. 
See  note  77. 

17.  BIG  FLATS,  on  the  north  bank  of  Chemung  river, 
eight  miles  above  present  Elmira.     An  early  French  map 
calls  a  village  at  this  point  Kunonvea,     Destroyed  by  a  de- 
tachment under  Col.  Dayton  Aug.  31,  1779.     See  note  77. 

18.  SHEOQUAGA,  or  Catharine's  Town,  an  Indian  village  of 
thirty  houses,  located  on  the  site  of  present  Havana  in  Schuy- 
ler  County.     Destroyed  Sept.  2,  1779.     See  note  78. 

19.  PEACH  ORCHARD,  an  Indian   town   of  an  unknown 
name  on  the  site  of  present  Peach  Orchard,  ten  miles  north 
of  Havana,  on  east  shore  of  Seneca  lake.     Destroyed  Sept. 
3,  1779.     See  note  79. 

20.  CONDAWHAW,  a  small  Indian  town  on  the  east  shore 
of  Seneca  lake,  at  present  site  of  North  Hector,  so  called  by 
Luke  S wetland  in  1778.     Destroyed  Sept  4, 1779.     See  note 
80. 

21.  KENDATA,  or  Appletown,  located  on  lot  79,  Eomulus, 
on  the  east  side  of  Seneca  lake.     It  contained  about  twenty 
houses.     Destroyed  Sept.  6,  1779.     See  note  81. 


RECAPITULATION.  85 

22.  BUTLER'S  BUILDINGS,  so  called,  consisting  of  a  few 
buildings,  located  near  present  canal  bridge  in  tlie  village  of 
Geneva.     Destroyed  while  on  the  march  Sept.  7,  1779.    See 
note  84. 

23.  KANAPASEAGA,  the  grand  village,  and  capital  of  the 
Senecas,  located  one  and  a  half  miles  north-west  of  present 
Geneva.     It  contained  about  sixty  well  built  houses.     De- 
stroyed Sept.  9,  1779.     See  note  84. 

24.  GOTHSEUNGQUEAN  or  Shenanwaga,  a  village  of  twen- 
ty houses  located  on  both  sides  of  Kershong  creek,  near 
the  west  shore  of  Seneca  lake,  seven  miles  south  of  Geneva. 
Destroyed  by  a  detachment  under  Major  Parr,  Sept.  8,  1779. 
See  note  84. 

25.  KANANDAIGUA,  an  Indian  town  of  twenty-three  houses, 
located  about  a  mile  from  the  lake,  in  west  part  of  present 
village   of   Canandaigua.     Destroyed   Sept.   10,  1779.     See 
note  86. 

26.  HANNEYAYE,  an  Indian  town  of  twenty  houses,  loca- 
ted at  foot  of  Honeoye  lake,  east  of  the  outlet.     One  house 
was  occupied  as  a  fort  by  Capt.  Cummings.     Destroyed  Sept. 
11,  1779.     See  note  87." 

27.  KANAGHSAWS,  also  called  Adjutoa,  an  Indian  town 
of  eighteen  houses  located  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south-east 
of  the  head  of  Conesus  lake  on  the  farm  of  Dr.  McMillen. 
Destroyed  September  13,  1779.     See  note  89. 

28.  GATHTSEGWAROHARE  or  Cassawauloughly,  an  impor- 
tant  Indian  town   of   twenty-five   houses,    located   on  the 
east  side  of  Canaseraga  creek,  about  two  miles  from  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Genesee,  at  the  "Hermitage,"  formerly  owned 
by  Judge  Caroll.     Destroyed   Sept.  14,  1779.     See  note  93. 

29.  CHENANDOANES   or    Great    Genesee    Castle,  sometimes 
called  Little  Beard's   Town, — contained  one  hundred  and 


86  RECAPITULATION. 

twenty-eight  houses,  located  on  the  west  side  of  Genesee 
river,  mostly  on  the  north  side  of  Beard's  creek,  north-east 
of  Cuylerville.  Destroyed  Sept,  15,  1779.  See  note  95. 

TOWNS  DESTROYED  BY  LIEUT.  COL.  BUTLER. 

30.  SCAWYACE,  or  Long  Falls,  an  important  Indian  town 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Seneca  river  on  present  site  of 
Waterloo,  in  Seneca  County, — was  partially  destroyed  by  a 
volunteer  force  under  Col.  Harper,  Sept.  8, 1779, — destruction 
completed  Sept.  21,  by  Major  Scott,  of  Colonel  Butler's  de- 
tachment.    See  note  140. 

31.  CHOHARO,  a  hamlet  of  two  houses  at  the  foot  of  Cayuga 
lake,  where  Colonel  Butler's  detachment  forded  the  river. 
This  was  the  ancient  Tichero  of  the  Jesuit  Relations.     De- 
stroyed Sept.  21,  by  Colonel  Butler.     See  note  142. 

32.  GEWAUGA,  a  small  hamlet  located  on  the  east  side  of 
Cayuga  lake,  on  the  site  of  present  Union  Springs  in  Cay- 
uga County.     Destroyed  Sept.  22,  1779.     See  note  141. 

33.  GOIOGOUEN,  of  the  Jesuit  Eelations,  made  up  of  three 
separate  towns,  viz : 

(1).  CAYUGA  CASTLE,  containing  fifteen  very  large  houses  built  of  squared  logs,  located 
near  the  south  line  of  the  town  of  Springport  in  Cayuga  County,  on  the  north  bank  of 
Great  Gully  Brook,  from  one  to  two  miles  from  the  lake.  See  note  143. 

(2).  EAST  CAYUGA,  OLD  TOWN,  containing  thirteen  houses,  located  in  the  south-east 
corner  of  the  town  of  Springport,  from  three  to  four  miles  from  Cayuga  lake.  A  site 
in  the  south-west  corner  of  Fleming,  was  probably  a  site  of  this  clan.  Destroyed  Sept. 
22.  See  note  145. 

(3).  UPPER  CAYUGA,  containing  fourteen  large  houses,  located  near  the  north  line  of 
the  town  of  Ledyard  in  Cayuga  County,  on  the  south  bank  of  Great  Gully  Brook,  from 
one  to  two  miles  from  Cayuga  Lake.  Destroyed  Sept.  22.  See  note  144. 

George  Grant  describes  the  three  preceding  towns  as  one  town  containing  fifty  houses, 
with  many  scattering  towns  within  two  or  three  miles.  Gen.  Sullivan's  official  report 
says  that  "  Colonel  Butler  destroyed  five  principal  towns  and  a  number  of  scattering 
houses, — the  whole  making  about  one  hundred  in  number."  Capt.  Lodge's  Map  desig- 
nates three  towns  by  name. 

34.  CHOXODOTE  or  Peach  Tree  Town,  also  called  Chandot,  a 
town  containing  fourteen  houses,  located  on  the  site  of  pres- 


RECAPITULATION.  87 

ent  Aurora,  in  Cajuga  County.  This  town  contained  1500 
peach  trees.  Destroyed  Sept.  24th  by  the  detachment  un- 
der Col.  William  Butler.  See  note  146. 

Towxs  DESTROYED  BY  LIEUT.  COL.  DEARBOKX. 

35.  A  small  hamlet  of  three  houses,  on  the  Shankwiller 
farm,  in  town  of  Fayette,  Seneca  County,  four  miles  from 
Cayuga   lake.     Destroyed   by   Colonel   Dearborn   Sept,  21. 
See  note  155. 

36.  A  small  town  of  ten  buildings  on  the  west  shore  of 
Cayuga  lake,  one  mile  north  of  Canoga  Creek.     Destroyed 
by  Col.  Dearborn's  detachment  Sept  21,  1779.    See  note  156. 

37.  SKANXAYUTEXATE,  an  Indian  village  of  ten  houses, 
located  on  the  south  bank  of  Canoga  creek,  on  the  west  shore 
of  Cayuga  lake,  a  half  mile  north-east  of  Canoga  village  in 
Seneca  County.     Destroyed  by  Lieut.  Col.  Dearborn  Sept. 
21,  1779.     See  note  157. 

38.  NEWTOWX,  an  Indian  village  of  nine  houses,  located 
one  mile  south-east  of  village  of  Canoga,  on  the  west  shore 
of  Cayuga  lake,  a  mile  south  of  Skannayutenate.     Destroyed 
Sept.  21,  1779  by  Lieut.  Col.  Dearborn.     See  note  158. 

39.  SWAHYAWAXA,  an  Indian  town  located  on  the  west 
shore  of  Cayuga  lake,  on  the  farm  of  Edward  R  Dean,  in 
the  north-east  corner  of  the  town  of  Eomulus  in  Seneca 
County.     Destroyed  Sept.  22,  1779,  by  Lieut.   Col.  Henry 
Dearborn.     See  note  159. 

40.  COREORGOXEL,  an  important  Indian  town  of  twenty- 
five  houses,  located  on  the  west  side  of  Cayuga  inlet,  about 
two  miles  south  of  Ithaca,  and  three  miles  from  the  head  of 
Cayuga  lake.     It  appears  as  Todevighrono,  the  name  of  the 
tribe  on  the  Gay  Johnson  Map  of  1771.     Destroyed  by  the 
detachment  under  Lieut.  CoL  Dearborn  Sept.  24,  1779.     See 
note  161. 


LIST  OF  JOURNALS. 


The  following  Journals  are  those  of  officers  actively  en- 
gaged in  Sullivan's  campaign : 

I.— ANONYMOUS.  From  June  18  to  Sept.  13,  1779. 
Printed  in  Hill's  New  Hampshire  Patriot,  at  Portsmouth, 
September  16,  1843.  An  imperfect  copy  of  Norris'  Journal, 
with  several  omissions,  and  many  important  errors. 

II. — BARTON,  WILLIAM,  Lieutenant  in  the  Jersey  Brig- 
ade. From  June  8  to  October  9,  1779.  Published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  Vol.  II, 
1846-7,  p.  22. 

III. — BEATTY,  ERKURIES,  Lieutenant  in  the  Fourth  Penn- 
sylvania Kegiment.  From  June  11  to  October  22,  1779,  in 
Sullivan's  Campaign.  Also  from  April  6  to  April  29  of 
same  year  in  the  campaign  against  the  Onondagas.  The 
original  manuscript  in  the  Archives  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society.  Has  never  been  published. 

IY. — BLAKE,  THOMAS,  Lieutenant  in  Second  New  Hamp. 
shire  Kegiment.  From  May  19  to  October  15,  1779.  Pub- 
lished in  Bidder's  History  of  the  First  New  Hampshire  Reg- 
iment. 

Y. — CAMPFIELD,  JABEZ,  Surgeon  in  Spencer's  Fifth  New 
Jersey  Kegiment.  From  May  23  to  October  2,  1779.  Pub- 
lished in  the  Proceedings  of  the  New  Jersey  Historical  So- 
ciety 1873,  pp.  115  to  136,  from  the  original  presented  to  the 
Society  by  Edmund  D.  Halsey. 


LIST  OF  JOURNALS.  89 

VI. — DEARBORN,  HENRY,  Lieutenant  Colonel  commanding 
the  Third  New  Hampshire  Eegiment.  From  June  16  to  Octo- 
ber 15, 1779  ;  transcribed  from  the  original  by  his  son,  General 
Henry  A.  S.  Dearborn.  This  copy  in  charge  of  Colonel  C.  G. 
Thornton,  of  Madison,  Wisconsin,  executor  of  the  Dearborn 
estate.  The  original  manuscript  of  Henry  Dearborn  is  in 
the  hands  of  John  S.  Fogg,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

VII. — ELMER,  EBENEZER,  Surgeon  in  Second  New  Jersey 
Regiment.  From  June  18  to  August  14,  1779.  The  origi- 
nal manuscript  in  the  Archives  of  the  New  Jersey  Historical 
Society.  Extracts  were  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Society  in  1846-7. 

VIII. — FELLOWS,  MOSES,  Sergeant  in  the  Third  New 
Hampshire  Regiment.  From  July  22  to  September  20, 
1779.  The  original  in  possession  of  A.  Tiffany  Norton,  Esq., 
of  Lima,  N.  Y. 

IX. — G-OOKIN,  DANIEL,  Ensign  in  Second  New  Hamp- 
shire Regiment.  From  May  4  to  September  5,  1779.  Pub- 
lished in  the  New  England  Hist,  and  Gen'l  Register  for 
January,  1862. 

X.— GRANT,  GEORGE,  Sergeant  Major  in  the  Third  New 
Jersey  Regiment.  From  May  17  to  November  3,  1779. 
Published  in  Hazard's  Register  (Pa.)  Vol.  14,  pp.  72-76. 

XL — GRANT,  THOMAS,  appears  from  the  Journal  to  have 
been  one  of  the  surveying  party  under  Captain  Lodge,  who 
accompanied  the  army  from  Easton  and  with  chain  and  com- 
pass, surveyed  the  entire  route  to  the  Genesee  river.  From 
July  31  to  September  25, 1779.  Published  in  the  Historical 
Magazine  for  August  and  September,  1862. 

XII. — HARDENBERGH,  JOHN  L.,  Lieutenant  in  Colonel 
Van  Cortlandt's  Second  New  York  Regiment.  From  May 
1  to  October  23,  1779.  The  original  manuscript  in  posses- 


90  LIST   OF   JOURNALS. 

sion  of  the  Hardenbergh  family  in  Auburn.     Published  by 
the  Cayuga  County  Historical  Society,  1879. 

XIII. — HUBLEY,  ADAM,  Colonel  of  the  Eleventh  Penn- 
sylvania Kegiment.  From  July  31  to  October  7,  1779. 
Published  in  Miner's  History  of  Wyoming.  Appendix, 
1845.  The  original  contained  several  illustrations,  and  maps 
of  encampments,  not  in  the  published  copy. 

XIV. — JENKINS,  JOHN,  Lieutenant  and  guide  in  the  ex- 
pedition. From  June  5,  1778,  to  March  17,  1781.  The 
original  manuscript  in  the  hands  of  his  grandson,  Hon. 
Steuben  Jenkins,  of  Wyoming,  Pa.  It  has  never  been  pub- 
lished. 

XV. — LIVERMORE,  DANIEL,  Captain  in  the  Third  New 
Hampshire  Kegiment.  From  May  17  to  December  7,  1779. 
Published  in  the  New  Hampshire  Historical  Collections, 
Vol.  VI,  pp.  308-335. 

XVI. — MACHIN,  THOMAS,  Captain  in  Col.  John  Lamb's 
Second  Kegiment  (N.  Y.)  Artillery.  From  April  19  to  23, 
1779,  in  Colonel  Van  Schaick's  expedition  against  the  Onon- 
dagas.  Published  in  the  Magazine  of  American  History, 
November,  1879.  Communicated  by  F.  II.  Roof. 

XVII. — NUKERCK,  CHARLES,  Lieutenant  and  Captain  in 
Colonel  Van  Cortlandt's  Second  New  York  Kegiment.  From 
May  1,  1779,  to  December  11,  1780.  Captain  (afterward 
Colonel)  Nukerck  was  born  in  Hurley,  Ulster  County,  New 
York.  In  1776  he  was  serving  as  Second  Lieutenant  in 
Colonel  Kitzema's  3d  New  York  Kegiment,  organized  to  gar- 
rison the  forts  southward  of  Crown  Point.  Under  the  call 
of  September  16.  1776,  he  entered  the  Second  New  York 
Regiment  to  serv.e  during  the  war,  and  continued  with  that 
regiment  as  Lieutenant  and  Captain  until  the  consolidation 
of  the  five  New  York  regiments  into  two  in  December,  1780, 


LIST   OF   JOURNALS.  91 

when  he  was  assigned  to  the  c'ass  of  deranged  officers,  and 
continued  in  service  to  the  close  of  the  war.  He  afterward 
settled  at  Palatine  Church,  in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  where  he 
died  greatlv  respected  in  November,  1822. 


This  Journal  has  had  a  somewhat  interesting  history.  A  portion  of  it  appeared  in  1831 
in  Campbell's  Annals  of  Tryon  County,  as  "  extracts  from  the  manuscript  Journal  of  an 
officer,"  but  without  giving  the  author's  name.  Extracts  have  also  appeared  from  time 
to  time  in  the  writings  of  the  late  Thomas  Maxwell  of  Elmira,  as  the  Journal  of  Colonel 
Gan.se voort.  In  Colonel  Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  1838,  Introduction  p.  xxiii,  he  says  "  the 
author  has  likewise  been  favored  with  the  manuscript  diary  of  the  venerable  Captain 
Theodosius  Fowler  of  this  city,  who  was  an  active  officer  during  the  whole  campaign.  In 
addition  to  the  valuable  memoranda  contained  in  this  diary,  Capt.  Fowler  has  preserved 
a  drawing  of  the  Order  of  March  *  *  *  and  a  plan  of  the  great  battle  fought  at  Newtown, 
both  of  which  drawings  have  been  engraved,  and  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix."  In 
the  body  of  the  work  he  incorporates  the  text  as  found  in  Campbell's  Annals,  including 
several  interpolations  from  Seaver's  Life  of  Mary  Jemison,  which  appear  in  the  Annals  as 
quoted,  but  in  Colonel  Stone's  work  a,^  part  of  the  original  Journal.  At  page  18,  Vol. 
II.  appears  the  ''Order  of  March  "  and  "  Order  of  Battle,"  the  latter  having  no  refer- 
ence whatever  to  the  battle  of  Newtown,  it  being  nothing  more  than  the  general  order 
of  battle  prescribed  at  the  beginning  of  the  campaign.  After  the  death  of  Colonel  Stone, 
the  original  manuscript  fell  into  the  hands  of  that  distinguished  scholar,  Dr.  Lyman  C  . 
Draper,  Secretary  of  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  who  purchased  it  at  the  sale  in  a 
bound  volume  of  manuscripts.  In  June,  1879,  he  placed  it  in  my  hands  for  exam- 
ination and  directed  my  attention  to  the  fact,  of  its  unquestionable  identity  with  the 
many  fragments  ascribed  to  Captain  Fowler  and  others.  The  Journal  is  substantially 
a  history  of  the  movements  of  the  Second  regiment  from  the  date  of  the  first  entry  to 
the  time  of  the  consolidation  in  17&0,  when  it  closes.  It  contains  abundant  evidence  to 
warrant  the  conclusion  that  it  must  have  been  written  by  an  officer  of  that  regiment. 
This  appears  effectually  to  dispose  of  the  claims  of  the  supposed  authorship  of  Captain 
Fowler,  as  he  was  made  Captain  of  the  First  New  York  June  21,  1778,  and  continued  in 
service  with  that  regiment  until  the  consolidation  1780,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the 
new  New  York  Second,  and  continued  in  that  position  to  the  close  of  the  war.  It  is 
highly  probable  that  Captain  Fowler  was  on  duty  with  his  regiment,  which  remained  to 
guard  the  Mohawk  Valley  during  Sullivan's  campaign,  and  consequently  could  not  have 
participated  in  the  westward  march,  and  if  the  author  of  a  Journal  it  certainly  cannot 
be  the  one  in  question,  which  beyond  any  doubt  was  written  by  an  officer  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  main  expedition.  A  careful  examination  of  the  manuscript  disclosed  the 
fact  that  unmistakably  it  is  the  hand  writing  of  Captain  Nukerck,  and  presumably  his 
Journal.  On  being  advised  of  this  fact  Dr.  Draper  addressed  a  note  to  Mrs.  Miller,  of 
Englewood,  N.  J.,  a  granddaughter  of  Captain  Nukerck,  who  answered  "  that  she  re- 
membered distinctly,  that  her  father  loaned  to  Mr.  Campbell  the  Diary  of  her  grand- 
father relating  to  Sullivan's  Campaign,  and  that  afterward  it  was  loaned  to  an  agent  of 
Colonel  Stone,  who  failed  to  return  it."  The  manuscript  is  in  an  excellent  state  of  pres- 
ervation, every  word  from  beginning  to  end  being  plain  and  distinct,  especially  the  proper 
names.  It  contains  several  maps  indicating  the  line  of  march  and  encampments,  and  at 
the  end  a  single  leaf  is  missing,  probably  the  order  of  inarch  and  order  of  battle,  men- 
tioned by  Colonel  Stone. 


92  LIST   OF   JOURNALS. 

XVIII. — NORRIS,  JAMES,  Captain  in  the  Third  New 
Hampshire  Eegiment.  From  June  18  to  October  25,  1779. 
Original  manuscript  in  the  Archives  of  the  Buffalo  Histori- 
cal Society,  N.  Y.  Published  in  July,  1879,  Vol.  I,  No.  7, 
of  the  Publications  of  that  Society,  by  Bigelow  Brothers, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

XIX. — ROGERS,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  Chaplain  in  Hand's 
Brigade.  From  June  15  to  August  29,  1779.  Published 
with  notes  and  Biography,  No.  7  of  the  Rhode  Island  His- 
torical Tracts  by  Sidney  S.  Rider,  Providence,  R.  I,  1879. 

XX. — ROGERS,  WILLIAM,  Quartermaster  Sergeant  in  Mal- 
com's  N  Y.  Regiment  in  1777,  but  in  1779  appears  to  have 
belonged  to  the  Second  New  York.  From  April  5  to  Sep- 
tember 14,  1779,  contains  names  of  places,  dates,  and  dis- 
tances. The  original  manuscript  in  the  hands  of  B.  L.  Rog- 
ers, Newark,  N.  J. 

XXI. — SHUTE.  SAMUEL  MOORE,  Lieutenant  in  Second 
New  Jersey  Regiment.  From  May  29  to  November  9, 1779. 
The  original  manuscript  in  possession  of  William  Shute,  of 
Doylestown,  Pa. 

XXEI. — VAN  HOVENBERG,  RUDOLPH,  Lieutenant  in  Col- 
onel Du  Bois'  Fifth  New  York  Regiment.  From  June  16, 
1779,  to  November  24,  1780.  He  accompanied  General 
Clinton  down  the  Susquehanna.  Has  never  been  published. 

XXIII. — WEBB,  NATHANIEL,  an  officer  in  the  Second 
New  York  Regiment.  His  son,  Dr.  Ezekiel  Webb,  had  the 
original  in  September,  1855,  at  which  time  a  part  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Elmira  Daily  Republican. 

[The  following  Journals  were  once  in  existence,  but  dili- 
gent inquiry  has  failed  to  bring  them  to  light :] 

XXIV. — DEAN,  JUDGE  JAMES,  the  well  known  interpreter, 
and  first  Judge  of  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y. 


LIST   OF   JOURNALS.  93 

XX Y. — PIERCE,  WILLIAM,  Captain  in  Colonel  Harrison's 
Kegiment  of  artillery,  First  A.  D.  C.  to  General  Sullivan. 

XXVL— HOOPS,  ADAM,  Major,  Third  A.  D.  C.  to  General 
Sullivan.  "  The  facts  concerning  Yan  Campen  and  Boyd 
are  taken  from  a  part  of  a  copy  of  my  journal  which  had 
been  copied  from  that  of  Major  William  Pierce." — Letter 
Sept,  18,  1841,  p.  180  Sullivan  s  Campaign. 

XXYII. — PRINCE,  KIMBALL,  Sergeant  Major  in  the  Artil- 
lery. His  diary  was  in  possession  of  his  son  Frederick 
Prince  as  late  as  1822,  but  was  then  stolen  from  a  trunk 
during  the  ravages  of  the  yellow  fever  in  New  York  City. 

XXYIII. — NEWMAN  -  -  Eeferred  to  in  Miner's  History 
of  Wyoming.  Supposed  to  have  been  destroyed  by  fire  in 
the  office  of  the  Kecord  of  the  Times  at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
April  9,  1869. 

[The  following  narratives  have  been  written  by  parties  ac- 
tively engaged  in  the  campaign.  Some  are  valuable,  others 
are  untrustworthy,  and  well  calculated  to  mislead  :] 

XXIX. — DAVIS,  NATHAN.  Private  in  the  First  New 
Hampshire  Regiment  Published  in  the  Historical  Maga- 
zine, April,  1868,  p.  198. 

XXX. — GANO,  REV.  JOHN,  Chaplain  in  Clinton's  Brigade. 
Published  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  November,  1861,  p. 
330. 

XXXI. — SALMON,  JOHN.  Published  in  Seavers  Life  of 
Mary  Jemison. 

XXXII. — YAN  CAMPEN,  MOSES.  Appears  in  a  memo- 
rial to  Congress  for  a  pension. 

XXXIII. — YAN  CORTLANDT,  PHILIP,  Colonel  command- 
ing Second  New  York  Regiment.  Autobiography  written 


94  LIST    OF   JOURNALS. 

in  1825.     Published  in  full  in  Magazine  of  American  His- 
tory, May,  1878. 

XXXIV.— MAXWELL,  Major.  Published  in  Vol.  VII  of 
the  Historical  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute,  p.  97. 

XXXV. — LODGE,  CAPT.  BENJAMIN  was  in  charge  of  a  par- 
ty that  accompanied  the  army  from  Easton,  and  with  compass 
and  chain  surveyed  the  entire  route  to  the  Genesee  river. 
On  the  return  march,  commencing  at  Kanadaseaga,  the  party 
accompanied  Colonel  Butler  and  made  a  like  survey  along 
the  east  side  of  Cayuga  Lake,  connecting  with  the  main  line 
near  present  Horseheads.  But  one  section  of  the  map  has 
been  found,  and  that  was  among  the  papers  of  Captain 
Machin,  an  artillery  officer.  The  original  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  J.  R  Symms,  Esq.,  of  Fort  Plain,  K  Y.  Several 
parties  have  photographic  copies.  This  section  extends 
north  of  Tioga  Point  and  west  as  far  as  Kanadaseaga. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding,  is  the  correspondence  and 
instructions  of  General  Washington ;  General  Sullivan's  Of- 
ficial Keports ;  many  valuable  letters  from  General  James 
Clinton ;  and  undoubtedly  many  journals  will  be  added  to 
those  already  known,  now  that  the  attention  of  the  public 
has  been  directed  to  the  revolutionary  period,  and  especially 
to  the  Campaign  of  1779.